We Will look at examples of how artists challenge and work With Identity in their work. Identity is the way we perceive and express ourselves Factors and conditions that an individual is born with—such as ethnic heritage. sex. or ones body

Investigflg ldentity_ We Will look at examples of how artists challenge and work With Identity in their work. Identity is the way we perceive and express ourselves Factors and conditions that an individual is born with—such as ethnic heritage. sex. or ones body—often play a role in defining one’s identity. However: many aspects of a person’s identity change throughout his or her life. People’s experiences can alter how they see themselves or are perceived by others Conversely. their identities also influence the decisions they make lndivrduals choose their friends, adopt certain fashions. and align themselves wrth political beliefs based on their identities. Many artists use theirwork to express. explore and question ideas about identity. The Human Body in Art The human body is central to how we understand facets of identity such as gender: sexuality: race: and ethnicity. People alter their bodies hair and clothing to align with or rebel against social conventions and to express messages to others around them Many artists explore gender through representations of the body and by using their own bodies in their creative process Carolee Schneemann. Up to and Including Her Limits. John Coplands. Back Torso From Below. 1985 1973 Yoko Ono. Cut Piece 1964 The 1960s and fQTOs were a time of social upheavals in the United States and Europe, significant among them the fig tfor equality for women With regards to sexuality. reproductive rights the family: and the workplace Artists and art historians began to investigate how images in Western art and the media—more often than not produced by men—perpetuated idealrzatrons of the female form Feminist artists reclaimed he female body and depicted it through a variety of lenses. Around this time. the body took on another important role as a medium with which artists created theirwork. ln performance art. a term coined in the early f960s as the genre was starting to take hold. the actions an artist performs are central to the work of art. For many artists, usrng their bodies in performances became a way to both claim control over their own bodies and to question issues of gender.Constructing GenderThe ways we behave and express ourselves are shaped by the cultures in which we participate. Since the midi twentieth century. philosophers social scientists and historians have theorized that gender—the roles. characteristics and activities that distinguish men from women—are not innate but socrally constructed Behaviors thought to be feminine or masculine differ from one culture to another and across time periods.

gender. Constructing GenderThe ways we behave and express ourselves are shaped by the cultures in which we participate. Since the mid-twentieth century, philosophers, social scientists, and historians have theorized that gender-the roles, characteristics, and activities that distinguish men from women-are not innate but socially constructed. Behaviors thought to be feminine or masculine differ from one culture to another and across time periods. Mine Frida Kahlo. Self Portrait with Cropped Hair. 1940 Yasumasa Morimura, Portrait (Futago), 1988 Many artists have used their work to examine, question, and criticize the relationships between gender and society. As the feminist movement gained momentum in the 1960s and 1970s, artists began to challenge traditional roles of women, addressing topics such as women in domestic and public spheres, and the conventional standards of beauty. Artists have also addressed masculinity, investigating how societal pressures and mass media inform and shape our expectations of men. While many artists have tackled the social construction of gender over the last fifty years, they were not the first to do so: In the first half of the twentieth century, artists such as Frida Kahlo made self-portraits that emphasize the fluidity of gender, refusing to adhere to statically masculine or feminine characteristics. Yasumasa Morimura made Portrait (Futago), 1988 that was an Appropriation of Manet’s Olympia from 1863. Intersecting Identities An individual’s identity consists of multiple, intersecting factors, including gender, race, ethnicity, class, and sexuality. In fact, some prefer to use the plural word "identities," emphasizing that identity is fluid and shifts throughout one’s life.

not the first to do so: In the first half of the twentieth century, artists such as Frida Kahlo made self-portraits that emphasize the fluidity of gender, refusing to adhere to statically masculine or feminine characteristics. Yasumasa Morimura made Portrait (Futago), 1988 that was an Appropriation of Manet’s Olympia from 1863. Intersecting Identities An individual’s identity consists of multiple, intersecting factors, including gender, race, ethnicity, class, and sexuality. In fact, some prefer to use the plural word "identities," emphasizing that identity is fluid and shifts throughout one’s life. AR Mariko Mori. Star Doll (for Parkett no. 54) 1998 Lorna Simpson. Wigs. 1994 A central aim of the feminist art movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s in the United States was to gain recognition for women artists. However, many felt that, during its early years, the feminist art movement privileged white women artists. Cuban-born American artist Ana Mendieta, writing about Howardena Pindell’s work, explained: "As women … came together in the feminist movement with the purpose to end domination and exploitation of the white male_ Exculture, they failed to remember us."The struggle for equality in the art world extended not only to women artists but also to artists of color. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the United States underwent a period of tumultuous cultural tensions that included the AIDS crisis, right-wing conservative social and economic policies under President Ronald Reagan, rapid gentrification, and increasing urban crime. Identity politics-the political debates around shared cultural characteristics such as race, class, and religion-became a way for people to address these issues. Many artists, such as Glenn Ligon, Deborah Kass, and Lorna Simpson, created work in response to their multifaceted identities, suggesting that the problems society faces are a result of intersecting forms of discrimination toward various social groups.

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