Most H2O on Earth occurs in liquid form. What is the reason for this phenomenon?
Introduction to Oceanography
1. Most H2O on Earth occurs in liquid form. What is the reason for this phenomenon?
a) Earth’s surface temperature of 16°C is exactly in the middle between the freezing and boiling point of water, making the liquid state the most likely one.
b) Salts in the ocean prevent any ice formation or evaporation.
c) The gravitational attraction to the Moon and the Sun. d) The specific heat capacity of water is smaller than that of sand and rocks.
e) The formation of hydrogen bonds causes water to have a high melting and boiling point.
2. The choices below represent different pH levels in seawater. At which level would you expect to find the lowest CO2 concentration?
a) 7.5
b) 8.9
c) 6.1
d) 8.2
3. The following chart describes oceanic dead zones. Please fill in the missing steps Increased nutrient runoff from land _________ Phytoplankton die and sink ___________ Lack of avaliable oxygen, marine organisms such as fish and crabs may not survive
a) Phytoplankton blooms // Zooplankton eat all phytoplankton in surface layer
b) Phytoplankton concentration decreases from excess nutrients // Bacteria use CO2 in the process of decomposing organic matter
c) Phytoplankton blooms // Bacteria use oxygen in the process of decomposing the excess organic matter
d) Fish are attracted by the elevated nitrate concentrations // Bacteria use oxygen in the process of decomposing the excess organic matter
4. The concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the surface ocean when a) the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere decreases.
b) the ocean warms in response to global warming.
c) seawater evaporates and salinity increases.
d) nutrient-rich deep-water upwells to the sea surface.
e) phytoplankton photosynthesize.
5. Which of the following is FALSE about ocean acidification?
a) Ocean acidification is the result of excess CO2 dissolving in the surface ocean.
b) Ocean acidification describes the decrease in seawater pH in response to increasing aqueous CO2.
c) Ocean acidification will result in seawater-pH dropping below pH=8 by the end of this century.
d) Ocean acidification makes it harder for calcifying organisms like corals and snails to grow a shell or skeleton.
e) Ocean acidification causes ocean warming.
6. Which of the following groups of organisms is always heterotrophic?
a) diatoms
b) benthos
c) dinoflagellates
d) holoplankton
e) nekton
7. Which of the following is TRUE about phytoplankton blooms?
a) In a bloom, phytoplankton change their photosynthetic pigment color from green to red, yellow or magenta.
b) Phytoplankton always bloom at the same time as zooplankton.
c) Phytoplankton blooms occur most often during the winter, when nutrient concentrations are at a maximum.
d) Phytoplankton blooms in the tropics occur only in the middle of the summer, when solar irradiance is greatest.
e) In temperate latitudes, there can be a spring bloom and a late summer/fall bloom.
8. The light compensation point is important for
a) determining the critical depth for algae growth in the ocean.
b) determining how rapidly the ocean gets dark below the sea surface.
c) the wavelength spectrum at any given depth in the water column.
d) the maximum size a phytoplankton cell will grow to.
e) zooplankton to see their phytoplankton prey.
9. As primary producers, phytoplankton play an important role in the marine food-web. Which one of the following statements is FALSE?
a) Phytoplankton can be nutrient-limited in surface waters.
b) Phytoplankton usually perform strong photosynthesis at depth where nutrient concentrations are greatest.
c) Inorganic nutrients like nitrate and phosphate are necessary for photosynthesis.
d) Smaller cells have a larger surface area to volume ratio, which helps them to efficiently take up nutrients in low productivity areas like the subtropical gyres.
e) Phytoplankton photosynthesize and respire.
10. A larger surface area to volume ratio is beneficial to small phytoplankton because a) predatory copepods do not enjoy eating crispy shells.
b) it maximizes the surface area over which nutrients can be absorbed. c) it increases the visual benefits of bioluminescence.
d) it helps to absorb light below the bottom of the euphotic zone.
e) it helps to cool phytoplankton cells in the tropics.
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