The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System
1. Hormones are normally secreted via ducts into the bloodstream. True False
2. Hormones serve as intracellular messengers.
True False
3. Testosterone is a gonadotropin. True False
4. Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) secreted bythe
pancreas. True False
5. Both the thymus and the pineal gland shrink after childhood.
True False
6. Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect. True False
7. Epinephrine is said to have a glucose-sparing effect.
True False
8. Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones. True False
9. Peptide hormones are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes as active enzymes.
True False
10. Regardless of the cause of stress, the body reacts in a fairly consistent way to different stressors. True False
11. The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) sets in only if protein reserves are depleted.
True False
12. Eicosanoids are derived from steroids. True False
13. Prostaglandins are considered paracrines.
True False
14. Myxedema is characterized by low metabolic rate, sluggishness, and sleepiness. True False
15. Addison disease is a consequence of a tumor of the adrenal medulla.
True False
Multiple Choice Questions
16. Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?
A. They secrete substances that do not alter the metabolism of their target cells, but haveextracellular effects.
B. They secrete their products by way of ducts.
C. They have an unusually low density of blood capillaries.
D. They release their secretions into the blood.
E. Their secretions may be released onto the body surface.
17. The nervous system reacts to stimuli compared to the endocrine system, adapts compared to the endocrine system, and has effects compared to the endocrine system.
A. slowly; slowly; widespread
B. quickly; slowly; specific
C. quickly; quickly; widespread
D. quickly; quickly; specific
E. slowly; quickly; specific
18. are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.
A. Neurotransmitters
B. Neuromodulators
C. Hormones
D. Parahormones
E. Paracrines
19. The can be found as part of the epithalamus, near the superior colliculi of the midbrain.
A. hypothalamus
B. pituitary gland
C. pineal gland
D. hypophysis
E. adrenal gland
20. The secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin.
A. posterior pituitary
B. anterior pituitary
C. hypothalamus
D. thyroid
E. thymus
21. The is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function.
A. kidney
B. pancreas
C. thyroid gland
D. parathyroid gland
E. adrenal gland
22. Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitaryto secrete ACTH?
A. CRH
B. GHRH
C. GHI H
D. APRH
E. TRH
23. What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?
A. The chemical properties of the hormone
B. The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone
C. The location of the gland that secretes the hormone
D. The location of the target cells in the body
E. The site where the hormone is secreted
24. The posterior pituitary secretes .
A. prolactin (PRL)
B. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
C. oxytocin (OT)
D. thyroid hormone (TH)
E. growth hormone (GH)
25. The anterior pituitary is than the posterior pituitary and has connection to the hypothalamus.
A. smaller; no nervous
B. larger; a nervous
C. larger; no nervous
D. smaller; a nervous
26. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the .
A. thyroid gland
B. thyroid hormone
C. hypothalamus
D. posterior pituitary
E. anterior pituitary
27. The hypophyseal portal system connects the with the .
A. anterior pituitary; hypothalamus
B. posterior pituitary; hypothalamus
C. anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
D. hypothalamus; thyroid
E. pituitary glands; thyroid
28. Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone?
A. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
D. Somatostatin
E. Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
29. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the .
A. kidneys
B. adrenal gland
C. anterior pituitary
D. hypothalamus
E. pancreas
30. Of the following hormones, which has more target cells in the body than the others?
A. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
C. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
D. Growth hormone (GH)
E. Oxytocin (OT)
31. Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via .
A. negative feedback inhibition
B. positive feedback inhibition
C. up-regulation
D. down-regulation
E. antagonistic regulation
32. The infundibulum is a .
A. mass of endocrine and neural cells
B. portal system between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
C. bulky nucleus composed of the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus
D. depression of the sphenoid bone that protects the pituitary gland
E. projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs
33. secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.
A. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); luteinizing hormone (LH)
B. Oxytocin (OT); antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); oxytocin (OT)
D. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
E. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH)
34. Negative feedback inhibition occurs when .
A. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) targets the anterior pituitary
B. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) causes the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
C. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) targets the thyroid gland
D. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) targets the thyroid gland
E. thyroid hormone (TH) targets the anterior pituitary
35. Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion?
A. GHRH
B. GHI H
C. ACTH
D. CRH
E. TSH
36. Which of these hormones does not stimulate the release of another hormone by its target cells?
A. TSH
B. GRH
C. ACTH
D. PRL
E. TRH
37. The hormone called plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.
A. calcitonin
B. melanin
C. melatonin
D. hepcidin
E. inhibin
38. The secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells).
A. thyroid
B. thymus
C. adrenal gland
D. spleen
E. parathyroid
39. The secretes a hormone that increases the body’s metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.
A. thyroid gland
B. pancreas
C. adrenal gland
D. parathyroid gland
E. thymus
40. The secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.
A. thymus
B. thyroid gland
C. parathyroid glands
D. pineal gland
E. pituitary gland
41. The secrete(s) , which promotes Na+ and water retention.
A. adrenal medulla; epinephrine
B. pancreas; cortisol
C. kidneys; corticosterone
D. adrenal cortex; aldosterone
E. thyroid; calcitonin
42. The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes .
A. glucagon
B. epinephrine
C. estradiol
D. aldosterone
E. cortisol
43. Many hours after a meal, alpha (a) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete , which blood glucose.
A. glucagon; lowers
B. glucagon; raises
C. insulin; lowers
D. insulin; raises
E. glucocorticoids; raises
44. Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas?
A. Glucagon
B. Insulin
C. Gastrin
D. Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone)
E. Somatotropin (growth hormone)
45. Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
A. The adrenal gland
B. The salivary glands
C. The ovary
D. The pineal gland
E. The thymus
46. Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?
A. Insulin
B. Cortisol
C. Progesterone
D. Aldosterone
E. Estradiol
47. Which of the following is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A. Aldosterone
B. Cortisol
C. Testosterone
D. Calcitriol
E. Glucagon
48. The absence of iodine in the diet leads to .
A. hypoparathyroidism
B. hypothyroidism
C. hypocalcemia
D. hypoglycemia
E. hypoxemia
49. T4 and T3 are hormones that are mainly transported in the blood.
A. monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
B. monoamine; unbound (free)
C. steroid; bound to transcortin-binding protein (TBP)
D. steroid; unbound (free)
E. catecholamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
50. Which of the following enters a target cell’s nucleus and acts directly on the genes.
A. Insulin
B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C. Estrogen
D. Glucagon
E. Oxytocin (OT)
51. Which of the following is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts asa second messenger?
A. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
B. cAMP activates protein kinases
C. Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP
D. G protein is activated by the binding of a hormone to the receptor
E. Enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases
52. Which of the following makes it possible for even a small quantity of hormone to have a strong effect on its target cell?
A. Negative feedback inhibition
B. The antagonistic effect
C. Up-regulation
D. Enzyme amplification
E. Down-regulation
53. Which of the following is an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone?
A. Negative feedback inhibition
B. The antagonistic effect
C. Up-regulation
D. Enzyme amplification
E. Down-regulation
54. Circulating hormones are mostly taken up and degraded by the and the .
A. adrenal glands; intestines
B. liver; kidneys
C. blood; kidneys
D. liver; spleen
E. spleen; kidneys
55. Neither follicle stimulating (FSH) hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This is an example of which principle regarding hormones?
A. Hormone clearance
B. The cascade effect
C. The synergistic effect
D. The permissive effect
E. The antagonistic effect
56. Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and insulin decreases it. This is an example of .
A. hormone clearance
B. the cascade effect
C. the synergistic effect
D. the permissive effect
E. the antagonistic effect
57. The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by .
A. cortisol
B. epinephrine
C. norepinephrine
D. angiotensin
E. aldosterone
58. Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one’s physical or emotional well-being is called
A. stress
B. pathology
C. disease
D. hyperthyroidism
E. hirsuitism
59. During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response), stress overwhelms homeostasis. One characteristic of this stage is that .
A. glycogen supplies are depleted
B. energy demands are met primarily by fat metabolism
C. fermentation is not enough to provide the necessary ATP
D. energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism
E. energy demands are met primarily by carbohydrate metabolism
60. Which of the following is true regarding cortisol?
A. It inhibits fat digestion.
B. It stimulates protein synthesis.
C. It promotes glycogen synthesis.
D. It stimulates glucose intake by most organs.
E. It promotes breakdown of fat and protein.
61. The initial response to stress is called the and is mediated mainly by .
A. resistance stage; cortisol
B. resistance stage; aldosterone and cortisol
C. alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine
D. alarm reaction; cortisol
E. exhaustion stage; norepinephrine and epinephrine
62. Eicosanoids are derived from .
A. arachidonic acid
B. leukotriene
C. prostacyclin
D. prostaglandins
E. thromboxanes
63. Which of the following is not a role of prostaglandins?
A. To induce labor contractions
B. To stop fever and pain
C. To constrict or dilate arterioles
D. To act as vasodilators or vasoconstrictors
E. To inhibit gastric secretion
64. Aspirin and ibuprofen block the .
A. release of arachidonic acid from the plasma membrane
B. action of phospholipase A1
C. action of phospholipase A2
D. action of lipoxygenase
E. action of cyclooxygenase
65. Diabetes insipidus is caused by .
A. epinephrine hypersecretion
B. cortisol hypersecretion
C. aldosterone hypersecretion
D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion
E. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hypersecretion
66. Which of the following effects on a gland can be caused by a tumor?
A. Hypersecretion only
B. Hyposecretion only
C. Hyposecretion and hypersecretion
67. Which of the following is not a cause of Cushing syndrome?
A. ACTH hypersecretion by the pituitary
B. ACTH-secreting tumors
C. Hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex
D. Hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla
E. Excess cortisol secretion
68. Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause when it begins in adulthood.
A. myxedema
B. Graves disease
C. Cushing syndrome
D. goiter
E. acromegaly
69.Which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus?
A. Hypoglycemia
B. Polyuria
C. Polyphagia
D. Polydipsia E.
Glycosuria
70. Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false?
A. The body produces autoantibodies that destroy the pancreatic beta cells in type I DM.
B. Target cells are unresponsive to insulin in type II DM.
C. Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin.
D. Diabetic neuropathy is a common long term effect of DM.
E. Type II DM is more common than type I DM.
71. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to the polyuria and dehydration associated with diabetes mellitus?
A. Hyperglycemia ? glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid ? glucose transport maximum exceeded ? glucose enters renal tubules ? osmotic diuresis
B. Hyperglycemia ? glucose enters renal tubules ? glucose transport maximum exceeded ? glucose in urine
raises osmolarity of tubular fluid ? osmotic diuresis
C. Hyperglycemia ? glucose enters renal tubules ? glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid ? osmotic diuresis ? glucose transport maximum exceeded
D. Hyperglycemia ? glucose transport maximum exceeded ? glucose enters renal tubules ? glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid ? osmotic diuresis
E. Osmotic diuresis ? glucose enters renal tubules ? glucose transport maximum exceeded ? glucose in urine
raises osmolarity of tubular fluid ? hyperglycemia
True / False Questions
72. TEST and EST are abbreviations for testosterone and estrogen. True False
73. Hormones that bind to proteins while transported in the blood generally have a longer half-life.
True False
74. Worrying about your upcoming exam in history class is a valid form of stress. True False
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