The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes
The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes
1. The autonomic nervous system carries out many somatic reflexes that are crucial to homeostasis. True False
2. Under normal circumstances, both divisions of the autonomic nervous system are active simultaneously.
True False
3. The autonomic nervous system is composed of ganglia in the central nervous system and ganglia in the periphery.
True False
4. Most autonomic efferent pathways involve one neuron. True False
5. The parasympathetic division stimulates digestion.
True False
6. Most preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers in the dorsal root ganglia. True False
7. All preganglionic fibers of the ANS pass through the sympathetic chain of ganglia, synapsing at least once
there.
True False
8. The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion. True False
9. Fibers of the vagus nerve end very near or within their target organs.
True False
10. The autonomic effect on a target cell depends only on the neurotransmitter reaching that target cell. True False
11. All sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic fibers secrete adrenaline. True False
12. Acetylcholine (ACh) binds to both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. True False
13. Acetylcholine (ACh) always has an excitatory effect.
True False
14. Binding of norepinephrine (NE) to an alpha-adrenergic receptor is usually excitatory, and binding to a beta- adrenergic receptor is usually inhibitory.
True False
15. All autonomic output originates in the central nervous system. True False
Multiple Choice Questions
16. The autonomic nervous system controls all of the following except the .
A. adrenal gland
B. smooth muscle in the walls of the aorta
C. cardiac muscle in the right atrium
D. skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis
E. parotid salivary gland
17. Autonomic nervous system fibers are involved in all of the following except .
A. changing the diameter of the pupil
B. adjusting heart rate and force
C. altering salivary mucus secretion
D. regulating gastrointestinal motility
E. maintaining tonicity of the muscles of the neck
18. Which one of the following best describes the order of a visceral reflex?
A. Sensory receptor ? interneuron ? afferent nerve fiber ? efferent nerve fiber ?
gland
B. Sensory receptor ? efferent nerve fiber ? interneuron ? afferent nerve fiber ?
gland
C. Sensory receptor ? afferent nerve fiber ? interneuron ? efferent nerve fiber ?
gland
D. Sensory receptor ? efferent nerve fiber ? afferent nerve fiber ? interneuron ?
gland
E. Sensory receptor ? interneuron ? efferent nerve fiber ? afferent nerve fiber ?
gland
19. Which of the following statements is true regarding parasympathetic tone?
A. It holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate.
B. It accelerates the resting heart rate above its intrinsic rate.
C. It might increase or decrease heart rate depending on the situation.
D. It affects heart rate only after myocardial infarction.
E. It does not affect heart rate.
20. Sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving .
A. anger
B. digestion
C. exercise
D. stress
E. arousal
21. The background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is called .
A. “fight-or-flight” activity
B. visceral motor activity
C. autonomic reflex arc activity
D. visceral tone
E. autonomic tone
22. The neurotransmitter(s) associated with autonomic ganglia is(are) .
A. norepinephrine (NE)
B. acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE)
C. acetylcholine (ACh)
D. dopamine
E. dopamine and norepinephrine (NE)
23. The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is . The effect of somatic fibers on target cells is
A. always excitatory; always excitatory
B. excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory
C. excitatory or inhibitory; excitatory or inhibitory
D. always inhibitory; excitatory or inhibitory
E. always inhibitory; always excitatory
24. Which of the following is true regarding the autonomic nervous system?
A. It controls skeletal muscle contraction.
B. It has no ganglia along its nerves.
C. It uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine exclusively.
D. Its denervation would cause hypersensitivity.
E. It usually controls conscious actions.
25. In response to high blood pressure, stretch receptors called in the walls of arteries carrying blood to the head, will trigger a reflex that causes the heart to its beats per minute.
A. baroreceptors; decrease
B. proprioceptors; decrease
C. baroreceptors; increase
D. proprioceptors; increase
E. chemoreceptors; increase
26. The motor pathway of the autonomic nervous system usually involves neurons.
A. no
B. one
C. two
D. three
E. four
27. Preganglionic fibers run from the to the .
A. posterior root ganglia; gray matter
B. posterior root ganglia; autonomic ganglia
C. gray matter; posterior root ganglia
D. gray matter; autonomic ganglia
E. autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors
28. Preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are and secrete .
A. myelinated; norepinephrine (NE)
B. myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh)
C. myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine(NE)
D. unmyelinated; acetylcholine (ACh)
E. unmyelinated; norepinephrine(NE)
29. Which of the following is not a reason that somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes?
A. The effector pathway in the somatic reflex arc is myelinated.
B. The effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc involves more neurons.
C. The effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc involves more chemical synapses.
D. Some of the neurons in the effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc are unmyelinated.
E. The effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord.
30. Most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in the .
A. vagus
B. trigeminal
C. splanchnic
D. facial
E. sciatic
31. Sympathetic fibers arise only from the region(s) of the spinal cord.
A. cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
B. thoracic and lumbar
C. thoracic
D. cervical
E. lumbar
32. The sympathetic chain of ganglia is found at the levels of the spinal cord.
A. cervical and thoracic
B. thoracic and lumbar
C. thoracic, lumbar and sacral
D. sacral, lumbar and coccygeal
E. cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
33. Which of the following is not a feature of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
A. It originates in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord.
B. It has long postganglionic fibers.
C. It has long preganglionic fibers.
D. Its ganglia are adjacent to the spinal column.
E. It has an extensive neural divergence and a relative widespread effect.
34. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
A. Its effects are local.
B. The terminal ganglia are very close to or within their target organs.
C. It originates in the craniosacral regions of the CNS.
D. It has short preganglionic fibers.
E. It has short postganglionic fibers.
35. Which of the following structures releases neurotransmitter molecules in a paravertebral ganglion?
A. Preganglionic sympathetic fiber
B. Postganglionic sympathetic fiber
C. Somatic motor fiber
D. Preganglionic parasympathetic fiber
E. Postganglionic parasympathetic fiber
36. Which of the following structures is not associated with the autonomic nervous system?
A. Preganglionic neuron
B. Postganglionic neuron
C. Splanchnic nerve
D. Oculomotor nerve
E. All of these are associated with the autonomic nervous system.
37. Most preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system synapse with .
A. no neurons
B. somatic neurons
C. parasympathetic neurons
D. 10-20 postganglionic neurons
E. effectors directly
38. The solar plexus is used as a name for the .
A. spinal nerve route
B. carotid plexus
C. the celiac and mesenteric ganglia
D. splanchic nerves
E. sympathetic nerve route
39. The adrenal medulla secretes mostly .
A. norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
B. dopamine
C. endorphins
D. acetylcholine (ACh)
E. epinephrine (adrenaline)
40. The parasympathetic division arises from the regions of the spinal cord.
A. brain, thoracic, and lumbar
B. brain, sacral, and coccygeal
C. brain, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
D. sacral and lumbar
E. brain and sacral
41. Damage to the may affect near vision accommodation.
A. celiac ganglion
B. oculomotor nerve (CN III)
C. facial nerve (CN VII)
D. glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
E. cardiac plexus
42. White rami carry neurons, while gray rami carry neurons.
A. myelinated postganglionic; unmyelinated preganglionic
B. unmyelinated postganglionic; myelinated preganglionic
C. myelinated preganglionic; unmyelinated postganglionic
D. unmyelinated preganglionic; myelinated postganglionic
E. myelinated preganglionic; myelinated postganglionic
43. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the enteric nervous system?
A. Its reflex arcs are associated with the spinal cord.
B. It does not arise from the spinal cord.
C. It innervates smooth muscle.
D. It innervates glands.
E. It does not arise from the brainstem.
44. If a cell has a1 adrenergic receptors, it is sensitive to .
A. acetylcholine (ACh)
B. norepinephrine (NE)
C. muscarine
D. alpha adrenaline
E. nicotine
45. Which of the following is not under dual control of the ANS?
A. Pupil diameter
B. Heart rate
C. Salivary gland activity
D. Adrenal medulla activity
E. Gastrointestinal motility
46. Propranolol, a beta-blocker, is typically used to .
A. increase heart rate
B. decrease heart rate
C. produce vasoconstriction of the coronary arteries
D. produce vasodilation of blood vessels of skeletal muscle
E. produce bronchodilation
47. Which of the following is more effective in producing bronchodilation?
A. Acetylcholine
B. Nicotine
C. Muscarine
D. Norepinephrine
E. Thyroxine
48. Muscarinic receptors bind .
A. epinephrine
B. norepinephrine
C. monoamine oxidase (MAO)
D. acetylcholinesterase
E. acetylcholine
49. The binding of to a nicotinic receptor of a muscle fiber will it.
A. acetylcholine; excite
B. norepinephrine; excite
C. monoamine oxidase; inhibit
D. acetylcholine; inhibit
E. acetylcholinesterase; excite
50. Atropine is sometimes used to dilate the pupil for an eye examination. Which receptor would atropine block?
A. Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor
B. Nicotinic receptor
C. Muscarinic receptor
D. Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor
E. Beta receptor
51. Antagonistic effects of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of
A. blood clotting
B. blood flow to the skeletal muscles
C. sweating
D. hair erection
E. gastrointestinal motility
52. is an example of the cooperative effect between the two autonomic nervous system divisions.
A. Orgasm
B. Bronchodilation
C. Gastrointestinal secretion
D. Heart rate
E. Vasomotor tone
53. Sympathetic fibers do not release .
A. acetylcholine
B. nitric oxide (NO)
C. substance P
D. neuropeptide Y
E. norepinephrine
54. Sympathetic effects tend to last than parasympathetic effects. One reason is that .
A. shorter; acetylcholine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down
B. longer; norepinephrine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down
C. about the same; the two divisions use the same neurotransmitters
D. shorter; acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
E. longer; acetylcholine is broken down by monoamine oxidase (MAO)
55. The enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine (NE) is called .
A. noradrenalinase
B. adenosine
C. monoamine oxidase (MAO)
D. norepinephrinase
E. norepinephrine hydroxylase
56. A neuron that synapses in the adrenal medulla is a neuron, and releases the neurotransmitter
A. preganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh)
B. postganglionic; norepinephrine (NE)
C. preganglionic; norepinephrine (NE)
D. postganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh)
E. somatic; norepinephrine (NE)
57. Drugs that are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors would most likely .
A. activate the parasympathetic division and allow for normal digestive system activities
B. block ACh receptors on skeletal muscle and cause flaccid paralysis
C. stimulate ß-2 receptors and cause an increase in heart rate and dilation of bronchioles
D. decrease the amount of NE destroyed and may be used as an antidepressant
E. inhibit uptake of dopamine and cause depression
58. A possible explanation for the effect of caffeine is that it blocks the receptor for a neuromodulator in the brain called , which inhibits ACh release by cholinergic neurons.
A. glycine
B. dopamine
C. serotonin
D. melatonin
E. adenosine
59. Which one of the following is made up of primarily adrenergic fibers?
A. Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
B. Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
C. Postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division
D. All motor fibers of the somatic motor system
E. Preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division
60. The is an especially important center of autonomic control.
A. pons
B. medulla oblongata
C. hypothalamus
D. midbrain
E. pituitary gland
61. Autonomic function receives input from all these except .
A. spinal cord
B. cerebral cortex
C. hypothalamus
D. medulla oblongata
E. somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system
62. nerve(s) pass(es) throughout sympathetic ganglia without synapsing.
A. Facial
B. Trigeminal
C. Vagus
D. Celiac
E. Splanchnic
63. Which of the following is associated with the “flight-or-fight” reaction?
A. Pupillary constriction
B. Glycogen synthesis
C. Increased gastric motility
D. Reduced urinary output
E. Reduced heart rate
True / False Questions
64. The enteric nervous system controls the digestive system with no extrinsic control necessary. True False
65. Vasomotor tone is controlled by using the sympathetic division for vasodilation and the parasympathetic
division for vasoconstriction. True False
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