Nutrition and Metabolism
Nutrition and Metabolism
1. Body weight is stable when average daily energy intake and output are equal. True False
2. Gut-brain peptides are secreted by the brain and target the gastrointestinal tract.
True False
3. Norepinephrine stimulates cravings for carbohydrates, whereas endorphins stimulate cravings for proteins. True False
4. Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic fermentation, but the latter is oxygen-independent.
True False
5. Glucose in excess of the body’s immediate needs is usually converted to protein. True False
6. Both glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis are examples of catabolic reactions.
True False
7. Most body fat in overweight people is stored in the integumentary system. True False
8. Consumption of excess calories during adulthood causes adipocytes to multiply.
True False
9. The most abundant nitrogenous waste in blood is urea, which is produced by the combination of ammonia with carbon dioxide.
True False
10. The absorptive state lasts about fifteen minutes after a meal. True False
11. The absorptive state is regulated mainly by insulin, whereas the postabsorptive state is regulated by multiple hormones.
True False
12. Mental state does not affect metabolic rate. True False
13. When a person is active, most of the body heat is generated in the brain, heart, and endocrine glands.
True False
14. Hypothermia may be fatal if the core body temperature reaches 37°C or lower. True False
15. The heat-promoting center is located in the hypothalamus, which triggers shivering.
True False
Multiple Choice Questions
16. are short term regulators of appetite, whereas is a long-term regulator.
A. Insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK); peptide YY (PYY)
B. Peptide YY (PYY) and insulin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
C. Peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK); insulin
D. Leptin and insulin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
E. Leptin and insulin; peptide YY (PYY)
17. Which of the following are macronutrients?
A. Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphorous
B. Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
C. Sodium, potassium, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
D. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water
E. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, but not water
18. yield about 4 kcal/g when completely oxidized, whereas yield about 9 kcal/g.
A. Proteins and carbohydrates; fats
B. Proteins; fats and carbohydrates
C. Fats; carbohydrates and proteins
D. Carbohydrates; fats and proteins
E. Carbohydrates and fats; proteins
19. Where are most carbohydrates in the body found?
A. Adipose tissue
B. Muscle glycogen
C. Blood glucose
D. Liver glycogen
E. Pancreas glucose
20. Carbohydrates function as structural components in all of the following except .
A. glycolipids
B. glycoproteins
C. nucleic acids
D. amino acids
E. ATP
21. Which of the following is not a function of lipids?
A. They form the plasma membrane structure.
B. They form myelin around nerve fibers.
C. They form the structure of some hormones.
D. They provide cushioning around soft organs.
E. They form skeletal muscle fibers.
22. Which of the following constitutes the so-called “bad cholesterol?”
A. Triglycerides
B. Chylomicrons
C. Low-density lipoproteins
D. High-density lipoproteins
E. Very-low-density lipoproteins
23. Which of the following is the healthiest ratio of triglycerides?
A. High HDL: low LDL
B. High LDL: low HDL
C. High LDL: low chylomicron
D. High SFA: low HDL
E. High chylomicron: low LDL
24. Where does HDL in the body come from?
A. The diet
B. The liver
C. The pancreas
D. The small intestine
E. The gallbladder
25. Which of the following is not a function of proteins in the body?
A. Muscle contraction
B. Transport of blood lipids
C. Maintaining blood viscosity and osmolarity
D. Catalyzing enzymatic reactions
E. Serving as cofactors for enzymes
26. Where is most protein in the body found?
A. In the skeletal system
B. In the muscular system
C. In the the cardiovascular system
D. In the integumentary system
E. In the lymphatic system
27. Who would you expect to be in a state of negative nitrogen balance?
A. A growing child
B. A pregnant woman
C. A weightlifter
D. A patient with muscle atrophy
E. A sprinter
28. High-quality proteins are those that provide all the essential amino acids.
A. globular
B. fibrous
C. net
D. incomplete
E. complete
29. Which vitamin deficiency is the most common worldwide?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin D
E. Vitamin E
30. Minerals are , whereas vitamins are .
A. micronutrients; macronutrients
B. water-soluble elements; lipid-soluble compounds
C. inorganic elements; organic compounds
D. inessential nutrients; essential nutrients
E. incomplete nutrients; complete nutrients
31. Which of the following represents the overall reaction for aerobic respiration?
A. C6H12O6 + 6 H2O ? 6 CO2 + 6 O2 B. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C. C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 ? 6 O2 + 6 H2O D. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 E. 6 O2+ 6 H2O ? C6H12O6 + 6 CO2
32. Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?
A. Glucose
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Lactate
D. Pyruvate
E. Acetyl-CoA
33. Which of these processes is essential for all of the rest to happen?
A. Glycolysis
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Lactate reduction
D. Electron transport chain
E. Anaerobic fermentation
34. happens in the cytoplasm, whereas happens in the mitochondrion.
A. The citric acid (Krebs) cycle; mitochondrial electron-transport
B. Aerobic respiration; anaerobic fermentation
C. Glycolysis; the citric acid (Krebs) cycle
D. Anaerobic fermentation; glycolysis
E. Glycolysis; pyruvate reduction
35. Which of the following is true concerning oxygen in regards to aerobic respiration?
A. It transports electrons to the mitochondrion.
B. It directly transfers electrons and protons to NAD+ and FAD.
C. It directly receives electrons and protons from NAD+ and FAD.
D. It is the only substrate of aerobic respiration.
E. It is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
36. What is the synthesis of glucose from amino acids called?
A. Glycogenesis
B. Glycogenolysis
C. Glycolysis
D. Gluconeogenesis
E. Glycogen catabolism
37. Which of the following is a final product of aerobic respiration?
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Pyruvate
C. Lactate
D. Glucose
E. Oxygen
38. What process produces most of the NADH that contributes to ATP synthesis in the cell?
A. Glycolysis
B. The citric acid cycle
C. Anaerobic fermentation
D. The mitochondrial proton pumps
E. The electron transfer from FADH2
39. Glycolysis and aerobic respiration collectively produce up to ATP per glucose, whereas anaerobic fermentation produces
A. 2; about the same, varying from one tissue to another
B. 32; none C. 32; 2
D. 32; 36
E. 36; about the same, varying from one tissue to another
40. Which of the following compounds yields the most ATP per molecule?
A. Glucose
B. Pyruvate
C. Acetyl-CoA
D. Lactate
E. Glycogen
41. The inner membrane of a mitochondrion contains the protein , which harnesses the energy created by H+ flow to produce ATP by a process called .
A. enzyme complex; reduction
B. ATP synthase; oxidation
C. enzyme complex; proton pumping
D. ATP synthase; the chemiosmotic mechanism
E. cytochrome c; reduction
42. Most of the fat in the body is stored in what form?
A. LDL
B. HDL
C. Cholesterol
D. Triglycerides
E. Fatty acids
43. Fatty acids are catabolized through which process?
A. Beta oxidation
B. Ketogenesis
C. Lipogenesis
D. Lipolysis
E. The fat-sparing effect
44. Incomplete fatty acid oxidation produces , which might lead to .
A. triglycerides; new triglycerides
B. ketone bodies; acidosis
C. pyruvate; acidosis
D. glycerol; alkalosis
E. acetyl-CoA; acidosis
45. How much ATP can oxidation of a 16 carbon atom fatty acid yield?
A. 2 ATP
B. 18 ATP
C. 36 ATP
D. 38 ATP
E. 129 ATP
46. Where does the highest rate of tissue protein turnover occur?
A. The intestinal mucosa
B. The gastric mucosa
C. The hepatic sinusoids
D. The splenic sinusoids
E. The pancreatic islets
47. The first step in using amino acids as fuel is to them.
A. digest
B. deaminate
C. transaminate
D. aminate
E. synthesize
48. Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
A. Glycogenesis
B. Detoxification
C. Phagocytosis
D. Secretion of digestive enzymes
E. Synthesis of plasma proteins
49. Which metabolic process produces ammonia?
A. Beta oxidation of a-ketoglutaric acid
B. Lipolysis
C. Transamination of urea
D. Amination of keto acids
E. Deamination of glutamic acid
50. The liver performs all of the following functions except .
A. converting ammonia to urea
B. carrying out most beta oxidation
C. producing insulin and glucagon
D. synthesizing cholesterol
E. synthesizing glucose from fats and amino acids
51. Which of the following occurs during the postabsorptive state?
A. Blood glucose rises
B. Glycerol is used for gluconeogenesis
C. Lipids are stored in adipose tissue
D. Glucose is stored by glycogenesis
E. Protein synthesis is active
52. Which of the following occurs during the absorptive state?
A. Glucagon levels increase
B. Blood glucose falls
C. Fatty acids are oxidized for fuel
D. Lipolysis is occurring
E. Gluconeogenesis is suppressed
53. Which of the following is secreted during the postabsorptive state?
A. Gastrin
B. Insulin
C. Growth hormone
D. Cholecystokinin
E. Secretin
54. Which of the following does not raise the total metabolic rate?
A. Starvation
B. Anxiety
C. Fever
D. Eating a big meal
E. Pregnancy
55. When should the basal metabolic rate be measured?
A. When a person is sleeping
B. When a person first rises in the morning
C. When a person has just eaten a meal of no more than 2000 kcal
D. When a person is in the absorptive state
E. When a person is engaged in normal physical activity but not strenuous exercise
56. Which of the following does not explain why people on weight-loss diets often lose weight quickly at first, but then more slowly over time?
A. Water is lost quickly but other weight is harder to lose.
B. The initial weight loss is mostly fat.
C. As a diet progresses, the body produces more fat even with the same caloric intake.
D. The body lowers its metabolic rate when it loses weight.
E. Will power often weakens as the diet progresses.
57. Fats should account for about percent of the daily caloric intake.
A. 5
B. 10
C. 30
D. 60
E. 80
58. Glycogenesis is stimulated by , whereas glycogenolysis is stimulated by .
A. insulin; glucagon and epinephrine
B. insulin; aldosterone
C. growth hormone; glucagon and epinephrine
D. growth hormone; cortisol
E. growth hormone; insulin
59. Approximately what percentage of the energy in a glucose molecule winds up in ATP with the rest lost as body heat?
A. 10
B. 20
C. 40
D. 80
E. 98
60. During periods of fasting, why is fat said to have a protein-sparing effect?
A. The body oxidizes its spare protein before it depletes its fat reserves.
B. The body metabolizes fats and proteins through the same metabolic pathways.
C. The body must have an adequate fat intake in order to absorb and metabolize proteins.
D. The body must have an adequate protein intake in order to absorb and metabolize fats.
E. The body does not oxidize its proteins unless it has consumed its fat reserves first.
61. A nude body at a room temperature of 21°C (70°F) loses most of its heat by which process?
A. Evaporation
B. Coduction
C. Convection
D. Radiation
E. Forced convection
62. Which of the following enhances loss of body heat by conduction?
A. Radiation
B. Evaporation
C. Nonshivering thermogenesis
D. Shivering thermogenesis
E. Convection
63. What is the quickest physiological mechanism for achieving moderate heat loss?
A. Convection
B. Cutaneous vasoconstriction
C. Nonshivering thermogenesis
D. Cutaneous vasodilation
E. Diaphoresis
64. Shivering warms the body because it increases the rate of what?
A. Radiation
B. Conduction
C. ATP hydrolysis
D. Vasodilation
E. Glycolysis
65. Which of the following results in heat exhaustion?
A. Extreme electrolyte loss via sweat
B. Denaturation of proteins in the brain tissue
C. Excessive heat loss from the body
D. A high rate of conduction and convection
E. A high humidity that retards evaporative cooling
66. Which of the following is not a major class of nutrients?
A. Water
B. Carbohydrates
C. Nucleic acids
D. Vitamins
E. Minerals
67. Three hours after your lunch and you are absorbing nutrients, which digestive phase are you in?
A. Postabsorptive state
B. Absorptive state
C. Gastric state
D. Vasoactive state
68. How is the basal metabolic rate (BMR) different from the total metabolic rate (TMR)?
A. The BMR includes the TMR.
B. The TMR includes the BMR.
C. The BMR is calculated when one is asleep.
D. The BMR includes energy expenditures for muscular contractions.
69. Which of the following is the primary source of body heat?
A. Nutrient oxidation
B. The sun
C. Conduction
D. Convection
70. Which of the following is true regarding body temperature?
A. Oral temperature is a good way to estimate core temperature.
B. Adult oral temperature is typically 36.6° to 37.0°C.
C. Body temperature is highest in the afternoon.
D. Organs in the spinal cavity are at the shell temperature.
71. Where would you measure the shell temperature of a patient?
A. Their skin
B. Their rectum
C. Their abdominal cavity
D. Their thoracic cavity
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