Muscular Tissue
Muscular Tissue
1. If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber does NOT relax at all from theprevious twitch, the most likely result will be . This can only be achieved in the laboratory.
A. fatigue
B. spasm
C. incomplete tetanus
D. complete tetanus
E. wave summation
2. All muscle types will respond to an electrical stimulus because all muscle cells are .
A. excitable
B. contractile
C. striated
D. involuntary
E. isometric
3. Skeletal muscle is called , because it is usually subject to conscious control.
A. excitable
B. contractile
C. striated
D. voluntary
E. isometric
4. When a skeletal muscle lengthens, its helps resist excessive stretching and subsequent injury to the muscle.
A. thick filaments
B. collagen
C. actin
D. troponin-tropomyosin complex
E. varicosities
True / False Questions
5. Extensibility refers to the ability of a muscle to stretch. True False
6. A dark band formed by parallel thick filaments that partly overlap the thin filaments is known as an H
band.
True False
7. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber. True False
8. Clinically, dystrophin is the most important noncontractile protein to occur in muscle fibers.
True False
9. The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction has emerged from research only in the last 10 to 15 years.
True False
10. A deficiency of acetylcholine receptors leads to muscle paralysis in myasthenia gravis. True False
11. An isometric contraction does not change muscle length. True False
12. Some smooth muscle is autorhythmic.
True False
Multiple Choice Questions
13. Which of the following marks the boundaries of a sarcomere?
A. I bands
B. H bands
C. Z discs
D. M lines
E. A bands
14. Which of the following is predominately made up of myosin?
A. G actin
B. F actin
C. The thin filament
D. The thick filament
E. The elastic filament
15. Which of the following contains overlapping thick and thin filaments?
A. A band
B. H band
C. I band
D. M line
E. Z discs
16. Which of the following is not a purpose of the excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in muscle?
A. To neutralize carbon dioxide buildup
B. To replenish the phosphagen system
C. To oxidize lactate
D. To serve elevated metabolic rate
E. To restore resting levels of ATP and CP
17. Which muscle type depends solely on the sarcoplasmic reticulum as its calcium source?
A. Skeletal muscle
B. Smooth muscle
C. Cardiac muscle
D. Skeletal and smooth muscle
E. Smooth and cardiac muscle
18. Which muscle(s) can contract without the need for nervous stimulation?
A. Skeletal muscle only
B. Smooth muscle only
C. Cardiac muscle only
D. Smooth and cardiac muscle
E. Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle
19. 80% of the lactate produced by skeletal muscle is converted to pyruvate by the .
A. kidneys
B. liver
C. muscle tissue
D. sarcoplasmic reticulum
E. neuromuscular junction
20. During muscle contraction, a single myosin head consumes ATP at a rate of about ATP per second.
A. 1
B. 3
C. 5
D. 7
E. 9
21. Shortening a muscle while it maintains constant tension is called .
A. complete tetanus
B. incomplete tetanus
C. an isokinetic contraction
D. an isometric contraction
E. an isotonic contraction
22. Which fibers are primarily responsible for producing lactate?
A. Type I slow oxidative fibers
B. Type IIA intermediate glycolytic fibers
C. Type IIB fast glycolytic fibers
D. Type I slow-twitch fibers
E. Red fibers
23. Michael Jordan was arguably the best player in professional basketball history. Scientifically, one would expect him to have highly developed fibers.
A. red
B. white
C. intermediate
D. fast twitch
E. slow oxidative
24. Where would you expect to find numerous gap junctions in muscular tissue?
A. The sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle
B. The A bands of skeletal and cardiac muscle
C. The sarcolemma of skeletal muscle
D. The intercalated discs of cardiac muscle
E. Multiunit smooth muscle
25. Why is the contraction strength of smooth muscle relatively independent of its resting length?
A. It gets nearly all of its Ca2+ from the extracellular fluid.
B. It does not have intercalated discs.
C. It does not have sarcomeres.
D. It is regulated by a length-tension relationship.
E. It is involuntary muscle.
26. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of skeletal muscle to smooth muscle?
A. Smooth muscle contracts more slowly but relaxes more rapidly.
B. Smooth muscle contracts more rapidly but relaxes more slowly.
C. Smooth muscle contracts and relaxes more slowly.
D. Smooth muscle consumes more ATP to maintain a given level of muscle tension.
E. Smooth muscle depends on a nerve fiber to supply the calcium needed for contraction.
27. In order for muscle to continue contracting during anaerobic fermentation, which of the following is essential?
A. Cholinesterase inhibitors
B. Protease
C. Myokinase
D. Acetylcholinesterase
E. Acid phosphatase
28. The minimum stimulus needed to cause muscle contraction is called the .
A. threshold
B. latent period
C. twitch
D. motor unit
E. innervation
29. A muscle twitch produces external tension and moves an object by shortening the muscles during the
phase.
A. contraction
B. latent
C. twitch
D. relaxation
E. reload
30. If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber has only partially relaxed from the previous twitch, the most likely result will be .
A. fatigue
B. spasm
C. incomplete tetanus
D. complete tetanus
E. flaccid paralysis
31. Which of the following is true concerning isotonic eccentric contraction?
A. The muscle shortens but tension remains constant.
B. The muscle lengthens but tension remains constant.
C. The muscle tenses and shortens.
D. The muscle tenses but length remains unchanged.
E. The muscle lengthens and tension declines.
32. Which of the following is true concerning isotonic concentric contraction?
A. The muscle shortens but tension remains constant.
B. The muscle lengthens but tension remains constant.
C. The muscle tenses and shortens.
D. The muscle tenses but length remains unchanged.
E. The muscle lengthens and tension declines.
33. Which of the following has the largest mitochondria?
A. Slow oxidative fibers
B. Fast glycolytic fibers
C. Cardiac muscle
D. Smooth muscle
E. Intermediate fibers
34. How many muscle fibers stimulate one somatic motor neuron?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
E. 4
35. To stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the into the synaptic cleft.
A. synaptic vesicles
B. junctional folds
C. sarcoplasmic reticulum
D. sarcolemma
E. terminal cisterns
36. The absence or inhibition of acetylcholinesterase at a synapse would lead to .
A. flaccid paralysis
B. tetanus
C. atrophy
D. numbness
E. muscle wasting
37. Which statement best describes the goal of medications used to treat myasthenia gravis?
A. To increase the number of acetylcholine receptors
B. To decrease the number of synaptic vesicles
C. To promote multiple motor unit summation
D. To inhibit Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
E. To inhibit the function of cholinesterase
38. The process of engaging more motor units to increase the strength of a muscle contraction is called
A. wave summation
B. recruitment
C. temporal summation
D. incomplete tetanus
E. complete tetanus
39. Aerobic respiration produces approximately more ATPs per glucose molecule than glycolysis does.
A. 12
B. 24
C. 36
D. 48 E. 100
40. Athletes who train at high altitudes increase their red blood cell count, which increases their oxygen supply during exercise. Increased oxygen supply results in .
A. increased glycolysis
B. increased use of myokinase
C. longer aerobic respiration
D. longer anaerobic fermentation
E. reduced ATP consumption
41. Cardiac muscle has very little capacity for regeneration because it lacks .
A. satellite cells
B. an endomysium
C. sarcomeres
D. dense bodies
E. somatic nerve fibers
42. Which of the following would be caused by a contraction of smooth muscle?
A. Goose bumps
B. Blood leaving the left ventricle of the heart
C. Elevating the eyebrows
D. Blinking the eyelids
E. Deep inspiration
43. The triads of a muscle fiber consist of .
A. two A bands and one I band
B. two T tubules and one terminal cistern
C. two terminal cisterns and one T tubule
D. two thin myofilaments and one thick myofilament
E. two thick myofilaments and one thin myofilament
44. As you are lifting a box, someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must .
A. recruit more muscle fibers
B. lower its threshold
C. reduce its wave summation
D. shift from isometric to isotonic contraction
E. shift from slow-twitch to fast-twitch mode
45. The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is .
A. F actin
B. tropomyosin
C. troponin
D. titin
E. dystrophin
46. Drugs called calcium channel blockers may be used to lower blood pressure by causing arteries to vasodilate. How do you suppose these drugs work?
A. They prevent calcium from entering the sarcoplasmic reticulum of smooth muscle.
B. They stimulate the calcium pump in smooth muscle, thus removing calcium from the calmodulin.
C. They prevent calcium from exiting the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle.
D. They prevent calcium from entering cardiac muscle, thus slowing down the heart rate.
E. They prevent calcium from entering smooth muscle, thus allowing the muscle to relax.
47. Exposure to the bacterium Clostridium tetani causes continuous release of acetylcholine. What effect does this have on smooth muscle?
A. Flaccid paralysis
B. Spastic paralysis
C. Lockjaw
D. No effect
E. Myocardial atrophy
48. Where is dystrophin, the protein that is defective in muscular dystrophy, normally found?
A. Between the outermost myofilaments and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber
B. As a transmembrane protein of the sarcolemma
C. In the Z discs of skeletal and cardiac muscle
D. In the dense bodies of smooth muscle
E. Bridging the gap between the sarcolemma and axon terminal
49. What is the purpose of motor nerve varicosities as they relate to smooth muscle?
A. They link the thin filaments to the inside of the sarcolemma in smooth muscle.
B. They reabsorb the decomposition products of acetylcholine after acetylcholinesterase breaks it down.
C. They enable each cardiomyocyte to directly stimulate its neighbors.
D. They release neurotransmitter molecules onto smooth muscle cells.
E. They prevent single-unit smooth muscle cells from pulling apart.
50. The transfer of phosphate from CP to ADP is catalyzed by .
A. myokinase
B. creatinine
C. cAMP
D. creatine kinase
E. ATP
51. What happens when acetylcholine stimulates its receptors in the neuromuscular junction?
A. The release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum decreases.
B. The permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ increases.
C. The positive charge on the sarcolemma decreases.
D. The threshold of the muscle fiber lowers.
E. The inhibitory effect of acetylcholinesterase is overridden.
52. Which of the following best describes the resting membrane potential (RMP)?
A. The intracellular environment is negatively charged.
B. The intracellular environment has more positively charged sodium.
C. The extracellular environment is negatively charged.
D. It has a voltage of about +75 mV.
E. It is dependent upon the absorption of potassium ions by the muscle fiber.
53. The sarcolemma of a resting muscle fiber is most permeable to .
A. calcium
B. potassium
C. sodium
D. lithium
E. magnesium
54. What is the purpose of the triad?
A. The triad stores sodium.
B. The triad synthesizes ATP.
C. The triad maintains the resting membrane potential.
D. The triad removes acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft.
E. The triad allows for Ca2+ release when a muscle fiber is excited.
55. Which of the following individuals would have more mitochondria in her skeletal muscle?
A. A 50-year-old sedentary computer programmer
B. A 22-year-old soccer player
C. A long-term hospice patient
D. A model on a reduced-calorie diet
E. A newborn
56. Which of the following systems would provide energy for a racquetball player, while playing a point?
A. The respiratory system
B. The glycolysis system
C. The phosphagen system
D. The anaerobic system
E. The glycogen-lactate system
57. Loss of muscle mass from lack of activity is called .
A. myopathy
B. dystrophy
C. apathy
D. atrophy
E. tetanus
58. Resistance exercise will most likely cause muscle to .
A. myopathy
B. dystrophy
C. apathy
D. atrophy
E. hypertrophy
59. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a muscle cell?
A. Plasticity
B. Contractility
C. Conductivity
D. Extensibility
E. Excitability
60. Which of the following is a property of collagen?
A. Contractility
B. Excitability
C. Elasticity
D. Expendability
E. Impermeability
61. A myofilament that runs throught the core of a thick filament and anchors it to a Z disc is called a(n)
.. myofibril
B. thin filament
C. T tubule
D. sarcolemma
E. elastic filament
62. The axon terminal releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, which is received by receptors on the motor end plate. Which structure does this describe?
A. A sarcomere
B. The thick filament
C. The varicosity of a smooth muscle cell
D. The neuromuscular junction of a skeletal muscle
E. A motor unit
63. A skeletal muscle generates the greatest tension when it is .
A. greatly stretched before being stimulated
B. partially stretched before being stimulated
C. fully relaxed before being stimulated
D. well-rested and low in creatine phosphate
E. high in lactate concentration
64. When acetylcholinesterase outlasts the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles, the skeletal muscle .
A. contracts
B. gets stronger
C. relaxes
D. releases Ca2+
E. opens its Na+ channels
65. A volleyball player depends on the gastrocnemius muscles for plantar flexion, whereas a marathon runner depends more on the soleus muscles for the same action. What characteristic of the soleus muscles makes this so?
A. They have smaller mitochondria.
B. They have more glycogen in them.
C. They don’t have as many blood capillaries per gram of tissue.
D. They make more use of aerobic respiration.
E. They break ATP down to ADP and Pi faster.
66. Why does one continue to breathe heavy after rigorous physical activity has stopped?
A. The diaphragm is waiting for its acetylcholine to run out.
B. The body requires more oxygen to restore levels of ATP and creatine phosphate.
C. The lungs can’t stop breathing until the heart rate slows down.
D. Myosin heads need more oxygen to fully detach from actin.
E. The kidneys require oxygen to dispose of excess lactate.
67. In skeletal muscle, the term that describes the alternating light and dark bands is .
A. strabismus
B. striations
C. tetanus
D. myofibrils
E. myoblasts
68. The training regimen of a competitive weight lifter is designed partly to .
A. convert certain parallel muscles into stronger pennate muscles
B. increase the average number of myofibrils per muscle fiber
C. convert white muscle tissue to red muscle
D. increase the size of his motor units
E. lower the threshold for muscle excitation
True / False Questions
69. Skeletal muscle are attached to bones in a way that aligns proteins in an overly-stretch (lengthened) position. This lengthening facilitates the shortening of contractions.
True False
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