Fluid, Electrolyte, and AcidBase Balance
Fluid, Electrolyte, and AcidBase Balance
True / False Questions
1. Blood plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity.
True False
2. In a state of fluid balance, average daily fluid gains and losses are equal.
True False
3. Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic receptors called osmoreceptors.
True False
4. The kidneys secrete ADH in response to dehydration.
True False
5. Hypovolemia refers to a reduction in total body water while maintaining normal osmolarity.
True False
6. Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion.
True False
7. Natriuretic peptides promote sodium and potassium excretion.
True False
8. Hyponatremia is usually a result of hypotonic hydration.
True False
9. Hypocalcemia causes muscle weakness, whereas hypercalcemia causes potentially fatal muscletetanus.
True False
10. Chloride homeostasis is regulated as a side effect of sodium homeostasis.
True False
11. A buffer system converts a weak acid or base into a strong one.
True False
12. The three physiological buffer systems are urinary, digestive, and respiratory.
True False
13. The kidneys neutralize more acid or base than any other buffer system.
True False
14. Acidosis is a pH lower than 7, whereas alkalosis is a pH higher than 7.
True False
15. Uncompensated alkalosis is a pH imbalance that can only be corrected with clinical intervention.
True False
Multiple Choice Questions
16. Where is the greatest volume of water in the body found?
A. Intracellular fluid (ICF)
B. Extracellular fluid (ECF)
C. Tissue (interstitial) fluid
D. Blood plasma and lymph
E. Transcellular fluid
17. What determines osmosis from one fluid compartment to another?
A. The temperature difference between compartments
B. The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment
C. The relative volume in each compartment
D. The relative size of each compartment
E. The blood pressure
18. In which compartment would fluid accumulate in edema?
A. Intracellular fluid
B. Transcellular fluid
C. Tissue (interstitial) fluid
D. Blood plasma
E. Lymph
19. Most body water intake is from , whereas most body water lost is via .
A. metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration
B. metabolic water; sweat
C. drinking; cutaneous transpiration and expired air
D. drinking; urine
E. drinking; radiation
20. Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called .
A. baroreceptors
B. proprioceptors
C. nociceptors
D. osmoreceptors
E. mechanoreceptors
21. What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?
A. It stimulates angiotensin II secretion.
B. It promotes water conservation.
C. It stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors.
D. It inhibits salivation and thirst.
E. It targets the cerebral cortex.
22. Water output is largely controlled by varying .
A. metabolic water production
B. sweating
C. cutaneous transpiration
D. drinking
E. urine volume
23. Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high?
A. ADH release is inhibited.
B. ADH release is stimulated.
C. The renal tubules reabsorb more water.
D. The renal tubules reabsorb more sodium.
E. The kidneys produce less urine.
24. Which of the following can prolonged exposure to cold weather lead to?
A. Fluid sequestration in the upper limbs
B. Hypotonic hydration
C. Hypervolemia
D. Increased sensible water loss
E. Increased respiratory water loss
25. In response to dehydration, osmoreceptors stimulate the secretion of .
A. ADH
B. calcitonin
C. ANP
D. sodium ions
E. bicarbonate ions
26. A hemorrhage results in which of the following?
A. A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity
B. A decrease in water volume and an increase in osmolarity
C. A decrease in water volume and a decrease in osmolarity
D. An increase in ECF volume but a decrease in ICF volume
E. A decrease in ECF volume but an increase ICF volume
27. Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with which of the following?
A. Cooling of the mouth
B. Distension of the stomach by ingested water
C. A drop in blood osmolarity
D. Moistening of the mouth
E. Increased salivation
28. What is the principal cation of the ECF?
A. Ca2+
B. Cl-
C. K+
D. Na+
E. Pi
29. Where are cells with aldosterone receptors found?
A. Adrenal cortex
B. Adrenal medulla
C. Posterior pituitary
D. Proximal convoluted tubule
E. Distal convoluted tubule
30. What is the function of aldosterone?
A. It increases both Na+ and K+ reabsorption.
B. It increases both Na+ and K+ secretion.
C. It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.
D. It reduces Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.
E. It causes the urine to be more diluted.
31. Hypernatremia is a plasma concentration above normal.
A. Ca2+
B. Na+
C. K+
D. Cl-
E. Pi
32. Which of the following is not caused by hypernatremia?
A. Water retention
B. Edema
C. Hypertension
D. Interstitial fluidaccumulation
E. A reduction in plasma volume
33. What is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments?
A. Na+
B. Cl-
C. Ca2+
D. K+
E. Pi
34. Which of the following does not stimulate aldosterone secretion?
A. Hypotension
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. High blood sodium concentration
E. High blood potassium concentration
35. Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of what?
A. ADH
B. Aldosterone
C. Natriuretic peptide
D. Oxytocin
E. Prolactin
36. What is the most abundant cation in the ICF?
A. Ca2+
B. Na+
C. K+
D. Cl-
E. Pi
37. What is the total body water (TBW) content of a 70 kg young male?
A. 10 L
B. 20 L
C. 40 L
D. 60 L
E. 70 L
38. What is the greatest determinant of the intracellular water volume?
A. K+
B. Na+
C. Ca2+
D. Cl-
E. PO 3-
39. Which of these conditions is not a result of hyperkalemia?
A. Cells are more excitable.
B. The resting membrane potential is more negative.
C. The cells are partially depolarized.
D. The cells are more sensitive to stimulation.
E. There is less diffusion of potassium out of the cells.
40. Which of the following occurs with hypokalemia?
A. Cells are partially depolarized.
B. There is more diffusion of potassium into the cells.
C. Cells are more excitable.
D. The resting membrane potential is more positive.
E. Cells are hyperpolarized.
41. Hypokalemia can result from all of the following except .
A. chronic vomiting
B. diarrhea
C. heavy sweating
D. aldosterone hyposecretion
E. excessive use of laxatives
42. What is the most abundant anion in the ECF?
A. HCO –
B. PO 3-
C. HPO 2-
D. H2PO –
E. Cl-
43. Chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly as a result of homeostasis.
A. H2PO –
B. PO 3-
3 C. HCO –
D. Na+
E. K+
44. Which of the following is not a role of calcium in the body?
A. It participates in muscle contraction.
B. It is a significant component of nucleic acids.
C. They serve as second messengers.
D. It activates exocytosis.
E. It is important in blood clotting.
45. How is calcium concentration in the body regulated?
A. By hormones
B. By sodium and calcium concentrations in the plasma
C. By chloride and phosphate concentrations in the plasma
D. By the parasympathetic nervous system
E. By the sympathetic nervous system
46. Which of the following accurately describes the inorganic phosphates (Pi) of the body fluids?
A. They are not a significant component of nucleic acids.
B. They are not important for cell membrane structure.
C. They are not necessary in the linking of endergonic with exergonic reactions.
D. They form crystals with calcium in the presence of calsequestrin.
E. They participate in the activation of some enzymes.
47. Which of the following is a result of phosphate excretion from the body?
A. An increase in free potassium ions in the ECF
B. An increase in free calcium ions in the ECF
C. An increase in free chloride ions in the ICF
D. A decrease in free potassium ions in the ECF
E. A decrease in free calcium ions in the ECF
48. Which of the following represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffersystem?
– + H+
A. CO2 + H2O H2CO-3 HC+ O3
B. CO2 + H2O HCO3 + HH2CO3
C. H2CO3 CO2 + H2O HCO – + H+
D. H2CO3 HCO – + H+
E. CO2 + H3 2O HCO – + H+
49. What is the normal pH of tissue fluid?
A. 6.95 – 7.05
B. 7.05 – 7.15
C. 7.15 – 7.25
D. 7.25 – 7.35
E. 7.35 – 7.45
50. What are the major chemical buffer systems of the body?
A. The urinary and respiratory
B. The urinary and digestive
C. The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
D. The bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein
E. The bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate
51. What protein is the most important buffer in blood plasma?
A. Fibrinogen
B. Albumin
C. Alpha globulin
D. Gamma globulin
E. Transferrin
52. What protein is the most important buffer in erythrocytes?
A. Albumin
B. Fibrinogen
C. Gamma globulin
D. Hemoglobin
E. Myoglobin
53. Which of the following characterizes a weak base?
A. It binds a little OH- and has a weak effect on pH.
B. It binds a lot of OH- and has a strong effect on pH.
C. It binds a little H+ and has a weak effect on pH.
D. It resists changes in OH-.
E. It lowers the pH.
54. When the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid, they at the same time.
A. secrete potassium
B. secrete sodium
C. reabsorb potassium
D. secrete chloride
E. reabsorb sodium
55. Which buffer system accounts for 75% of all chemical buffering in the body fluids?
A. The protein buffer system
B. The bicarbonate system
C. The phosphate system
D. The carbonic acid system
E. The ammonium buffer system
56. The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which
A. supplies the buffer system with CO2
B. supplies the buffer system with O2
C. expels HCO – produced by the buffersystem
D. expels H+ produced by the buffer system
E. expels CO2 produced by the buffer system
57. Which of the following describes an antiport system on the basal side of renal tubule cells?
A. It transports bicarbonate from the tubular fluid back into the tubule cells.
B. It transports H+ in both directions across the epithelium.
C. It transports CO2 from the blood into the tubule cells.
D. It exchanges K+ for Na+.
E. It exchanges H+ for Na+.
58. Proteins can buffer a drop in pHwith their side groups and can buffer an increase in pH with their side groups.
A. -NH2; -PO4
B. -PO4; -COOH
C. -NH2; -COOH
D. -COOH; -NH2
E. -PO4; -NH2
59. Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells?
A. It causes repolarization.
B. It causes depolarization below threshold.
C. It causes hyperpolarization.
D. It causes depolarization above threshold.
60. How do the kidneys compensate respiratory acidosis?
A. By secreting more bicarbonate ions
B. By secreting more hydrogen ions
C. By secreting more sodium ions
D. By reabsorbing more hydrogen ions
E. By reabsorbing more ammonia
61. Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to _.
A. metabolic alkalosis
B. metabolic acidosis
C. urinaryalkalosis
D. urinaryacidosis
E. respiratory acidosis
62. An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following?
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Respiratoryalkalosis
D. Respiratoryacidosis
E. Digestive alkalosis
63. Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolicalkalosis
C. Respiratoryalkalosis
D. Respiratoryacidosis
E. Lymphatic alkalosis
64. Emphysema can lead to which of the following?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolicalkalosis
C. Respiratoryalkalosis
D. Respiratoryacidosis
E. Digestive alkalosis
65. A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following symptoms?
A. Hyperventilation
B. Hypoventilation
C. Decreased H+ secretion by the kidneys
D. Decreased ammonia secretion by the kidneys
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