Which of the following is an example of exposure data in ecologic studies?
Which of the following is an example of exposure data in ecologic studies?
All are correct.
Smoking prevalence
Per capita income
Per capita calorie intake
Mean ambient temperatures
Question 2Case-control studies are among the best observational designs to study diseases of:
low prevalence.
high validity.
high prevalence.
low case fatality.
Question 3Examples of descriptive epidemiologic studies do not usually include:
cohort studies.
counts.
case series.
cross-sectional studies.
Question 4A large medical center’s oncology program reported an increased number of cases of pancreatic cancer during a certain month. The hospital’s epidemiologist decided to research the problem. Tumor registry records were searched to identify all cases of pancreatic cancer during a five-year period; cancer patients were matched with patients treated for other diseases during the same five-year period. All subjects in the study were questioned about lifestyle factors including alcohol, tea, and coffee consumption. The resulting data are as follows:
DATA
Cancer Patients
Other Patients
Men
Women
Men
Women
Lifestyle Variable
Alcohol
185
120
270
260
Tea drinking
140
110
230
225
Coffee drinking
190
140
270
240
Note:
Total number of male cancer patients = 200
Total number of female cancer patients = 150
Total number of male patients (other diseases) = 300
Total number of female patients (other diseases) = 300
What type of study is this?
Experimental
Cohort
Case-control
Clinical trial
Intervention
Question 5A large medical center’s oncology program reported an increased number of cases of pancreatic cancer during a certain month. The hospital’s epidemiologist decided to research the problem. Tumor registry records were searched to identify all cases of pancreatic cancer during a five-year period; cancer patients were matched with patients treated for other diseases during the same five-year period. All subjects in the study were questioned about lifestyle factors including alcohol, tea, and coffee consumption. The resulting data are as follows:
DATA
Cancer Patients
Other Patients
Men
Women
Men
Women
Lifestyle Variable
Alcohol
185
120
270
260
Tea drinking
140
110
230
225
Coffee drinking
190
140
270
240
Total number of male cancer patients = 200
Total number of female cancer patients = 150
Total number of male patients (other diseases) = 300
Total number of female patients (other diseases) = 300
Does this study have an exposure status variable?
Yes, sex of patient
No
Yes, lifestyle
Yes, disease type
Insufficient information to answer this question
Question 6A large medical center’s oncology program reported an increased number of cases of pancreatic cancer during a certain month. The hospital’s epidemiologist decided to research the problem. Tumor registry records were searched to identify all cases of pancreatic cancer during a five-year period; cancer patients were matched with patients treated for other diseases during the same five-year period. All subjects in the study were questioned about lifestyle factors including alcohol, tea, and coffee consumption. The resulting data are as follows:
DATA
Cancer Patients
Other Patients
Men
Women
Men
Women
Lifestyle Variable
Alcohol
185
120
270
260
Tea drinking
140
110
230
225
Coffee drinking
190
140
270
240
Note:
Total number of male cancer patients = 200
Total number of female cancer patients = 150
Total number of male patients (other diseases) = 300
Total number of female patients (other diseases) = 300
Does this study have a disease status variable?
Yes, lifestyle
Yes, cancer
Yes, sex of patient
Insufficient information to answer the question
No
Question 7A large medical center’s oncology program reported an increased number of cases of pancreatic cancer during a certain month. The hospital’s epidemiologist decided to research the problem. Tumor registry records were searched to identify all cases of pancreatic cancer during a five-year period; cancer patients were matched with patients treated for other diseases during the same five-year period. All subjects in the study were questioned about lifestyle factors including alcohol, tea, and coffee consumption. The resulting data are as follows:
DATA
Cancer Patients
Other Patients
Men
Women
Men
Women
Lifestyle Variable
Alcohol
185
120
270
260
Tea drinking
140
110
230
225
Coffee drinking
190
140
270
240
Note:
Total number of male cancer patients = 200
Total number of female cancer patients = 150
Total number of male patients (other diseases) = 300
Total number of female patients (other diseases) = 300
Which of the following best approximates risk associated with alcohol drinking in men?
1.37
0.62
0.92
2.11
0.71
Question 8A large medical center’s oncology program reported an increased number of cases of pancreatic cancer during a certain month. The hospital’s epidemiologist decided to research the problem. Tumor registry records were searched to identify all cases of pancreatic cancer during a five-year period; cancer patients were matched with patients treated for other diseases during the same five-year period. All subjects in the study were questioned about lifestyle factors including alcohol, tea, and coffee consumption. The resulting data are as follows:
DATA
Cancer Patients
Other Patients
Men
Women
Men
Women
Lifestyle Variable
Alcohol
185
120
270
260
Tea drinking
140
110
230
225
Coffee drinking
190
140
270
240
Note:
Total number of male cancer patients = 200
Total number of female cancer patients = 150
Total number of male patients (other diseases) = 300
Total number of female patients (other diseases) = 300
Which of the following best approximates risk associated with alcohol drinking in women?
2.11
0.92
1.37
0.62
0.21
Question 9A large medical center’s oncology program reported an increased number of cases of pancreatic cancer during a certain month. The hospital’s epidemiologist decided to research the problem. Tumor registry records were searched to identify all cases of pancreatic cancer during a five-year period; cancer patients were matched with patients treated for other diseases during the same five-year period. All subjects in the study were questioned about lifestyle factors including alcohol, tea, and coffee consumption. The resulting data are as follows:
DATA
Cancer Patients
Other Patients
Men
Women
Men
Women
Lifestyle Variable
Alcohol
185
120
270
260
Tea drinking
140
110
230
225
Coffee drinking
190
140
270
240
Note:
Total number of male cancer patients = 200
Total number of female cancer patients = 150
Total number of male patients (other diseases) = 300
Total number of female patients (other diseases) = 300
Which of the following best approximates risk associated with tea drinking in men?
3.50
0.71
2.51
0.92
1.37
Question 10A large medical center’s oncology program reported an increased number of cases of pancreatic cancer during a certain month. The hospital’s epidemiologist decided to research the problem. Tumor registry records were searched to identify all cases of pancreatic cancer during a five-year period; cancer patients were matched with patients treated for other diseases during the same five-year period. All subjects in the study were questioned about lifestyle factors including alcohol, tea, and coffee consumption. The resulting data are as follows:
DATA
Cancer Patients
Other Patients
Men
Women
Men
Women
Lifestyle Variable
Alcohol
185
120
270
260
Tea drinking
140
110
230
225
Coffee drinking
190
140
270
240
Note:
Total number of male cancer patients = 200
Total number of female cancer patients = 150
Total number of male patients (other diseases) = 300
Total number of female patients (other diseases) = 300
Which of the following best approximates risk associated with tea drinking in women?
3.50
0.71
1.37
0.92
3.50
Question 11A large medical center’s oncology program reported an increased number of cases of pancreatic cancer during a certain month. The hospital’s epidemiologist decided to research the problem. Tumor registry records were searched to identify all cases of pancreatic cancer during a five-year period; cancer patients were matched with patients treated for other diseases during the same five-year period. All subjects in the study were questioned about lifestyle factors including alcohol, tea, and coffee consumption. The resulting data are as follows:
DATA
Cancer Patients
Other Patients
Men
Women
Men
Women
Lifestyle Variable
Alcohol
185
120
270
260
Tea drinking
140
110
230
225
Coffee drinking
190
140
270
240
Note:
Total number of male cancer patients = 200
Total number of female cancer patients = 150
Total number of male patients (other diseases) = 300
Total number of female patients (other diseases) = 300
Which of the following best approximates risk associated with coffee drinking in men?
0.94
1.02
0.63
3.50
2.11
Question 12A large medical center’s oncology program reported an increased number of cases of pancreatic cancer during a certain month. The hospital’s epidemiologist decided to research the problem. Tumor registry records were searched to identify all cases of pancreatic cancer during a five-year period; cancer patients were matched with patients treated for other diseases during the same five-year period. All subjects in the study were questioned about lifestyle factors including alcohol, tea, and coffee consumption. The resulting data are as follows:
DATA
Cancer Patients
Other Patients
Men
Women
Men
Women
Lifestyle Variable
Alcohol
185
120
270
260
Tea drinking
140
110
230
225
Coffee drinking
190
140
270
240
Note:
Total number of male cancer patients = 200
Total number of female cancer patients = 150
Total number of male patients (other diseases) = 300
Total number of female patients (other diseases) = 300
Which of the following best approximates risk associated with coffee drinking in women?
0.63
0.94
2.11
3.50
1.02
Question 13A large medical center’s oncology program reported an increased number of cases of pancreatic cancer during a certain month. The hospital’s epidemiologist decided to research the problem. Tumor registry records were searched to identify all cases of pancreatic cancer during a five-year period; cancer patients were matched with patients treated for other diseases during the same five-year period. All subjects in the study were questioned about lifestyle factors including alcohol, tea, and coffee consumption. The resulting data are as follows:
DATA
Cancer Patients
Other Patients
Men
Women
Men
Women
Lifestyle Variable
Alcohol
185
120
270
260
Tea drinking
140
110
230
225
Coffee drinking
190
140
270
240
Note:
Total number of male cancer patients = 200
Total number of female cancer patients = 150
Total number of male patients (other diseases) = 300
Total number of female patients (other diseases) = 300
Which factor has the strongest association with cancer for both men and women?
The factors show no variation in the association.
Alcohol consumption
Tea drinking
Coffee drinking
Not enough information to determine
Question 14In case-control studies, the odds ratio is used as an estimate of the relative risk. In order for this approximation to be reasonable, some conditions must be met.
Which of the following conditions is not necessary in order to use the odds ratio to estimate the relative risk?
With respect to exposure, controls are representative of the population to which you want to generalize your results.
The event (disease) under study is rare in the population.
Cases are representative of all cases.
The exposure in question is rare in the population.
Question 15Which of the following is true of ecologic studies?
They are expensive and require a great deal of time to conduct.
They may be affected by the ecologic fallacy.
They provide accurate measurements of exposure.
They yield results that can be applied directly to individuals.
Question 16
News
Documentaries
Soaps
Sport
Total
Women
108
123
187
62
480
Men
130
123
68
132
453
Total
238
246
255
194
933
A researcher asked 933 people which type of program they prefer to watch on television. Based on this table of results, what is the expected frequency for men who liked to watch sport?
132
64.09
27.45
94.19
Question 17
News
Documentaries
Soaps
Sport
Total
Women
108
123
187
62
480
Men
130
123
68
132
453
Total
238
246
255
194
933
Based on the data above, what are the odds of being a man if you watch sport?
0.47
0.41
0.14
2.13
Question 18Chi-square is a test of:
Relationship
Difference
Association
Factors
Question 19 A calculated value of chi-square:
compares the mean number of frequencies in a population to those in the sample.
compares the frequencies of categories of items in a sample to the frequencies that are expected in the population.
compares the mean number of categories in a sample to those in the population.
compares the frequencies of categories in the population to those expected in the sample.
Question 20Which is an assumption of chi-square?
That the data are normally distributed.
That each subject contributes data to only one cell.
That there is little variability among the data.
That the data are continuous.
Question 21When testing several categorical variables, which is the appropriate test of relationship?
Chi-square
Loglinear analysis
Elaborated chi-square
Part correlation
Question 22Loglinear analysis is not:
A goodness-of-fit test that allows you to test all the effects.
A test that will find the model that best represents the data.
A test that employs an algorithm to generate expected cell frequencies for each model.
test that employs a differential analysis.
Question 23 Which of the following is not an assumption to be met for loglinear analysis?
All cells must have expected frequencies greater than 1.
Cells of the contingency table must be independent.
All are correct.
All cells must have expected frequencies greater than 5.
Question 24Which of the following is an advantage of loglinear analysis?
It means you do not have to compare models.
It provides a systematic approach to the analysis of complex multidimensional tables.
Empty cells do not lower the power of the test.
It allows analysis of different types of data.
Question 25Which of the following are not examples of assumptions for the chi-square statistic?
Expected frequency should be less than 5.
It does not rely on having continuous normally-distributed data.
Each entity contributes to only one cell of the contingency table.
None are correct.
Collepals.com Plagiarism Free Papers
Are you looking for custom essay writing service or even dissertation writing services? Just request for our write my paper service, and we'll match you with the best essay writer in your subject! With an exceptional team of professional academic experts in a wide range of subjects, we can guarantee you an unrivaled quality of custom-written papers.
Get ZERO PLAGIARISM, HUMAN WRITTEN ESSAYS
Why Hire Collepals.com writers to do your paper?
Quality- We are experienced and have access to ample research materials.
We write plagiarism Free Content
Confidential- We never share or sell your personal information to third parties.
Support-Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions.
