Bed bugs and public health

Bed bugs and public health

Bed bugs and public health

Permalink: https://collepals.com/bed-bugs-and-public-health/ ‎

The paper should include: II. Introduction Define an interesting question(s) Describe its dimensions- its significance for the area, its relationship to broader questions in in pure or applied biology such as medicine or agriculture, implications for understanding other fields of biology, etc Outline how you intend to address different aspects of the question(s) by defining subtopics and linking them with a compelling logic. III. Subtopics ? use subheadings and write about each aspect. These sections will form a major portion of the paper IV. Overview-summary- Conclusion ? review the evidence and clarify what you have discovered or learned. Include a section about what is still unknown and where the research might go or what additional information you would want about the topic V. Literature cited ? include a well formatted citation section. If you use web sources (it is likely a few will be necessary, make sure you use the correct citation style for internet sources, here is one source of information _________________ I know you all can write fairly well, so I expect that grammar, spelling and basic organization will be fine, especially if you get someone to check it for you. However this paper is hard work and perhaps unlike anything you have been asked to do before. It will take many hours of careful reading and writing to produce a high quality paper. I will especially look for the use of citations in the paper to support your statements. I will give a much better grade to a paper that has only 1500 words but cites 20 papers from primary literature showing the has student synthesized the information than I will to a 4000 word paper with 8 citations from web sites that are clearly not from the primary literature. I will value your paper more if it supports a statement with citations to several papers than a paper that simply restates what you read in each journal article ?say one or two paragraphs per paper. Please feel free to ask any questions as you go. Here is an example of the style of writing I have in mind from a former student in my lab, Woody Woods. The paper is in part about the metabolic costs of fireflies flashing., a good comparative physiology subject. Notice the citations early in these first two paragraphs of the paper that document the big ideas. Notice that Photinus is italicized. If you google the paper you can get the entire PDF on line. Also note the form of the citation Woods Jr., W.A., H. Hendrickson, J. Mason, and S. M. Lewis. 1997. Energy and predation costs of firefly courtship signals. The American Naturalist. 170:702-708. Mate choice in many animals favors those individuals exhibiting the most conspicuous visual, acoustic, or olfactory signals (Andersson 1994). Signal costs play a critical role in sexual selection theory because they are required to prevent the runaway evolution of exaggerated courtship signals as well as to maintain signal reliability (Grafen 1990; Maynard Smith and Harper 2003). Signal costs could arise through diverse mechanisms, including immediate reductions in signalers? fitness through parasitism or predation (Cade 1975; Tuttle and Ryan 1981; Zuk and Kolluru 1998) or indirect fitness reductions caused by heightened energy expenditure. However, few studies have quantitatively assessed the multiple costs that might be incurred by courtship signals (Kotiaho 2001). Even among the well studied acoustical signals produced by arthropods and amphibians, most studies have focused on either energy or predation costs (e.g., Cade 1975; Prestwich et al. 1989; Zuk et al. 1995). Indeed, multiple costs have been measured in only a few species (Tuttle and Ryan 1981; Bucher et al. 1982; Kotiaho et al. 1998), making it difficult to determine the relative importance of different cost categories. Bioluminescent signals are used by diverse organisms, including numerous arthropods, polychaetes, mollusks, and fishes (Wilson and Hastings 1998; Herring 2000). Surprisingly, however, the costs associated with bioluminescence have not been quantified. In Photinus fireflies, courtship relies on rhythmic, precisely timed bioluminescent flashes that are emitted by a light-producing lantern located on ventral abdominal segments (Lloyd 1966; Carlson and Copeland 1985). Male Photinus fireflies emit bioluminescent signals in two courtship contexts. Males signal as they fly in search of females; once a female responds, males generally land and engage in a lengthy courtship dialogue with females (Vencl and Carlson 1998; Demary et al. 2006). Within Photinus species, males vary in the pulse duration and pulse rate of their courtship signals, with coefficients of variation ranging from 10% to 20% for flash timing parameters; females prefer signals with longer flash durations or faster flash rates when choosing their mates (Branham and Greenfield 1996; Cratsley and Lewis 2003; Michaelidis et al. 2006). P.S high quality paper and simple writing please and the references should be only refworks and google scholars. Thank you