Barbara, ? Good start to the discussion.? What are your thoughts on other pre-existing differences your groups may have that could be seen as a limitation?maclureweek7discssionphd.docx

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Roles Culture, Gender, and Religion in Emotion Experience and Expression

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Roles Culture, Gender, and Religion in Emotion Experience and Expression

Items that stood out in the study

The number of items in the article is emotional experiences and how they are expressed in different individuals, the variation of the emotional expression concerning social, gender, and cultural relationship. These items stood out because there is a great variation in how different genders, religions, and people of different social backgrounds express emotion. The empirical research revealed these items on gender, religion, and social life. The researcher wanted to know the roles these three items play in individual emotions and how they are expressed between different individuals.

What did the authors of the study you selected examine in their research? What did they hypothesize and why (rationale)?

The author examined how often people face basic and secondary emotions in the study. He also examined the appropriateness in which different individuals express emotions to people of different relationships. The study also examined the appropriateness of feeling and the act of expressing basic emotions regarding religion and cultural background. (DeLeersnyder & Boiger (2016). The author hypothesis that there is a meaningful relationship between the expression of emotion and feelings. The author also hypothesis that there is a variation in the expression of emotions in different social relationships. The author's rationale indicated that different individuals have separate ways of accepting various aspects related to emotions, and their ways of expressing themselves vary from one person to another.

What methods did they use?

The author of this study used a questionnaire as a method of collecting the data. In the study, a total of fifty-four adults were used, including twenty-six males and twenty-eight females living in Sri Lanka and the western province. The research used a convenience sampling method to collect the data. The participants' ages ranged from 17 to 64 years, while the mean age was 28 years. The participants of the research were Sinhalese Buddhists. Participation in this study was voluntary. A questionnaire was developed to examine the emotional experience and expressions of different individuals. The researcher allocated time to explain the aim of the study to the participant, and they were given instructions for filling out the questionnaire.

Meaningful findings the authors

The researcher found that regarding the experience of basic and secondary emotions, there were significant effects from gender. Thus, it indicated that different genders had a difference in the feelings of anger, shyness, sadness, and pleasure. The research found that female experiences sadness more as compared to males. Concerning anger, it was found that males feel more anger than females. Based on the level of pleasure and shyness, the research found that female experiences more pleasure and shyness than men. Based on the aspect of expressing basic and secondary emotion, it was found that male’s express anger more than females, while females’ express shyness more than males. Regarding emotional expression based on social relationship, the research found a meaningful relationship that differs from the appropriateness of emotional expression. It was found that the acts of the individual expressing their sadness to their spouse are extremely high.

Limitation to the study

The limitation of this study is that the sampling number used is small. Only fifty-four participants were used in this study; thus, this research could be subject to biasness. This could have given a misleading result as this number is too little to be used as the representative of Sri Lanka and the western province.

How do the findings from this study help you better understand the content from this week?

There are several things that I can appreciate from the finding of the study. I can appreciate that different individual experiences emotions differently and have diverse ways of expressing them. I can also appreciate that there is a variation in the expression of emotions concerning social relationships. I am now better at understanding the aspects of sadness, anger, and pleasure in different genders. I can now appreciate that we have expressed our emotions based on our social relationships with the different parties. This study has played a critical role in understanding myself better and my friends.

Part 2

The study's hypothesis stated that non-pharmacology therapy is an appropriate therapy for ADHD Compared to Methylphenidate stimulant therapy for children aged 4-6 years. The limitation of the study was the environment in which the study was conducted could result in biased results. This is because the classroom environment may be a high stimulation for the children. It may arise distractions that may result in poor results during the evaluation process. Another limitation is that a person collecting the data may affect performance. This limitation can be avoided by educating the parent and teacher on the criteria for scoring the student. In addition, participants can be taken to classrooms where they are unfamiliar with their teachers.

References

ARTICLE: Emotional Experiences and Expressions of Individuals in the Sri Lankan Context: The Roles of Gender, Culture, and Religion

Chapter 21: Brody, Hall, J. A., & Stokes, (2016). Gender and emotion: Theory, findings, and context. In L. Feldman Barrett, M. Lewis, & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions, 4th Ed. (pp. 369-392). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Chapter 22: Mesquita, B., DeLeersnyder & Boiger (2016). The cultural psychology of emotions. In L. Feldman Barrett, M. Lewis, & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions, 4th Ed. (pp. 393-411). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Article: Hoffmann, Kessler, Eppel, Rukavina & Traue (2010). Expression intensity, gender, and facial emotion recognition: Women recognize only subtle facial emotions better than men. Acta Psychological, 135, 278-283. Hoffmann, Kessler, Eppel, T., Rukavina & Traue (2010). Expression intensity, gender, and facial emotion recognition: Women recognize only subtle facial emotions better than men. Acta Psychological, 135, 278-283. – Alternative Formats

Article: Leu, Wang & Koo (2011). Are positive emotions just as "positive" across cultures? Emotion, 11, 994-999. Leu, Wang & Koo (2011). Are positive emotions just as "positive" across cultures? Emotion, 11, 994-999. – Alternative Formats.

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