Focus on the Exploratory Reflection. This is an opportunity to show what you have learned about rhetoric at the beginning of the term, what you think about it now, and how (and why) thing

Chapter Response 1 (Chapter 1)

Aristotle's explanation embraces justifications that have an impact on contemporary literary and public speaking. The definition indicates that one may use his or her persuasion skills to persuade others to agree with the topic of discussion because the speaker has effective speaking patterns and thus excellently deliberates on various issues to the speaker's satisfaction. It usually refers to the study of and use of written, visual, and spoken language. According to the definition provided, rhetoric is an art of speech and writing that allows audiences to consider different lines of reasoning and comprehend logic, ethics, politics, and jurisprudence. The rhetorical information is presented in a way that calls the audience's attention to the facts supporting the argument.

Isocrates also defined rhetoric as the "ability to persuade individuals and to make dear to ourselves what we want. not only do we consider living like animals, but we have come together, built cities made laws, and invented the arts." He continued by saying that speech is crucial to almost all of our inventions because it provides the foundation for law and justice, which helps us a reason and act morally. We use speech to make arguments with others and to involve them in our thought processes. Isocrates asserted that talk has great influence over how things develop and how people think and behave.

The definition is difficult in that one might use speech as a means of negatively persuading others, which would lead to subpar performance across a range of endeavors. According to Francis Bacon's definition, rhetoric involves using persuasions and insinuations to win over the audience's will more so than it does use conventional propositions and proofs, but it also pays close attention to seditions of affections for the audience.

Chapter Response 2 (Chapter 2) According to Burke Kenneth, rhetoric is the use of languages to symbolize inducing cooperation in human beings and that nature responds to symbolic means. Rhetoric involves the audience, symbols, truth, analytics, and invention. Sophists were ancient Greek teachers who traveled, teaching rhetoric methods to citizens. Plato disliked the Sophists because of their interest in achieving fame, wealth, and higher social standards. Plato maintained that the Sophists were not philosophers and argued that the sophists were trading the wrong education to the rich. Plato suggested that the Sophists did not offer actual knowledge due to their interest in wealthy students rather than sharing and building knowledge. The sophist’s rhetoric teaching contradicted the philosophy portrayed by Plato; hence this issue formed the source of Plato's distrust and disliked among sophists. According to several studies, Plato’s doubt of the sophists is justified because the sophist also claimed that they could teach justice. Yet, according to Plato, to teach justice, one must fully dedicate him to scholarship, deep thoughts, and virtues.

Plato hated the sophists because they used rhetoric rather than philosophy; Plato maintains that the sophists taught and applied natural skills rather than applying or teaching knowledge based on study or research.

The cannons of the rhetoric approach include invention, which is the determination of supporting materials and topics. Another canon is the structural arrangement of speeches and style, which is the usage of languages to develop a desirable effect on the audience. Delivery or speech presentation involves the use of non-verbal and verbal aspects; finally, memory is the essential canon because rhetors only rely on; the arrangement of the least important canon, which is concerned with the structure or order of the speech. According to Bircher, the modern Christians are the equivalents of the sophists; the text of St. Augustine's "On Christians Doctrine" is used as a learning manual in the training of clergy. Aristotle suggested that rhetoric is the counterpart to the dialectic approach. He suggested that individuals tend to attack and defend themselves in an argument. Quintilian also maintained that philosophy played a crucial role in rhetoric teachings. Finally, Cicero argued that the dialectic approach aims to acquire knowledge from personal experiences rather than training. According to the book, rhetoric is inferior to a dialectic method, and dialectic encompasses the rhetoric approach. The dialectic method seems more reasonable because it proposes that talents and own experiences, and training are essential in learning.

Chapter Response 3 (Chapter 4) A language designed to bring out the art of effective writing or persuasive speaking is referred to as rhetoric. It involves studying how language can be used for the mantainence and organization of social groups to construct meaningful identities and create change.

Rhetoric psychology suggests that thinking is often argumentative and rhetorical. To attain the latter, it is recommendable that one creates understanding and moves people to action. The study of outward language is critical as language often can arouse emotions and motivate an audience. The interaction between feelings and mental images will usually result in outward expressions and actions that can be expressed through body language.

Rhetoric is a means of creating knowledge itself. Contrary to Campbell’s theory, it enhances the investigation of how to construct meanings and identities and produce change, making knowledge. According to Campbell's approach, the idea of good imagination, moving the passion of an audience, and influencing will, is dependent on memory and assumptions essential to all reasoning. The perspective is, therefore, unreconcilable as a result of the dependency nature of the Campbell theory.

Perelman's distinction between persuading the particular audience vs. convincing the universal is accurate. Persuasion often claims validity from a specific audience. On the other hand, convincing is based on facts and actual occurrences. Argumentation is

exclusively aimed at a particular audience and is beyond doubt the role of the speaker to adapt to the listener's views.

Chapter Response 4 (Chapter 5) – I got points deducted because this was plagiarized. The dissertation is majorly to seeks the creation if vision of virtuality culture by the use of theoretical expansion of Ong’s orality and literacy models of culture. It therefore investigates the multimodal and ubiquitous natures of virtual culture phenomenon which is mediated through technology but never elaborated through existing culture inventions earlier on. The examinations of the underpinnings of literacy culture and orality, therefore, it explores culture shifts which is starting to restructure the consciousness of human in various ways that the society connects, explores and communicates. Later, the dissertation explains on the differences between the related traditional orality types and culture and the virtuality culture features and going further to include the differences between the virtuality culture theory and secondary orality theory and proposes the possible ways through which contemporary technology brings about the human presence relating with the virtuality culture. I lastly elaborate on the developing of culture in fields like philosophy, technology, education, ethics, linguistics, and politics among many others.

“The medium is the message” is a type of methodology that shows that various ways in which message is strongly delivered and that is majorly affected by its channel of transmission. Media that is the major channel of transmission of message should therefore the main focus of study and not the content. The recent theory behind medium as the message content is carried as it is perceived in various roles. It is compared in the news we get in media such as Facebook, twitter among others.

Chapter Response 5 (Chapter 6) The reading from chapter 6 provides various insights regarding the evolving conceptualization of language and meaning under the subjects and rhetoric, respectively. Prominent scholars like Aristotle and Korzybski present different ideas about language and implied meaning. One aspect that stands out across the contrasting points of view is the abstract nature of language. It seems agreeable that no word represents a particular object and that meaning must be implied for a specific word. In that regard, it is evident that the emergence of mass media made this even more apparent. The rationale is that communication using technology devices like radios ad cellphones enable people within different contexts to communicate. Two people in other countries could describe the weather as pleasant while it is entirely different in their locations. In such cases, the word pleasant could have different contextual meanings.

For this reason, Korzybski proposes five extensional devices to remedy misunderstanding by clarifying meaning during communication. Chain-indexing seems

more practical in explaining the meaning. For example, pleasant weather could mean pleasant weather resulting from sunshine. In contrast, pleasant weather could represent pleasant weather from light snow. Quotations could indicate vagueness or lack of confidence when using certain words. From the above example, stating that the weather is ‘pleasant’ would help clarify that the particular type of weather condition or meaning for pleasant has not been communicated. Based on these arguments, it is agreeable that rhetoric creates

Chapter Response 6 (Chapter 7) Rhetoric as identification is related to the cooperation between the audiences and the rhetors. The audiences must persuade themselves to identify with the rhetor, and therefore, the process might be considered internal. Persuasion can never occur if the audiences do not own the persuasion process. The audiences have to internalize the persuasion to be able to own the process. Burke tells us that we can be the audience of our thoughts and act upon our messages. Polarization in social media can occur if the audience internalizes the messages, and as such, the audiences act upon the message to create polarization. When ideological dissonance occurs, the individuals must consider the dissonance thoughts and be mindful of what other group members feel. It is important to note that distance can be controlled by allowing individuals to justify their behaviors and eliminate ideological distances. Tragic redemption occurs when an individual realizes their wrongdoings and transforms into a new individual after a tragic event. The redemption makes the individual become nonjudgmental and truthful. Popular television sitcoms provide great avenues for the provision of comic redemptions. The sitcom “the office” provides a good example of the criticism of the corporate environment and the business rituals involved.