Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
Illicit drug use by perpetrators of violence • In Los Angeles, USA, 35% of methamphetamine users aged 18-25 years old were found to have committed violence while under the influence of the drug . Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
• In Memphis,USA,victimsandfamilymembersbelievedthat92% of perpetrators of intimate partner violence had used drugs or alcohol during the day of the assault and 67% had used a combination of cocaine and alcohol (8). A study on intimate partner violence in China found that partners housed illicit drugs were significantly more likely to abuse their spouses physically, sexually, or both (9).Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
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• Results from the British Crime Survey 2007/08 showed that victims of violent crime believed the offender to be under the influence of drugs in 19% of incidents (10). • In Australia, perpetrators of violence against nurses in emergency departments were perceived to be under the influence of drugs in 25% of cases (11). • In Atlanta, USA, ecstacy users with higher levels of lifetime use exhibited higher rates of aggressive and violent behaviour (12).
• In Rhode Island, USA, a quarter of women arrested for intimate partner violence and referred by courts to intimate partner violence prevention programme reported symptoms consistent with a drug-related diagnosis (13). • In Canada, boys reporting sexual harassment perpetration were seven times more likely to use drugs and girls four times more likely to use drugs (14). Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.• In a study of violence in youth holiday resorts among young German, Spanish and British holidaymakers, the use of cocaine during the holiday was associated with triple the odds of involvement in fighting and use of cannabis with double the odds (15). • In England and Wales, 12% of arrestees held for assault tested positive for cocaine use and 24% for opiate use (excluding methadone) (16). Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.• Amongst patients to emergency departments in Cape Town and Durban in South Africa those with violence-related injuries were more likely to test positive for drugs than patients with other injury types (17). Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
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a Where the type of drug used is not defined, this is because the source does not provide this information.
Illicit drug use by victims of violence • In Victoria, Australia, 17.5% of sexual assaults were allegedly drug facilitated. Of these, many had knowingly consumed recreational or prescriptive drugs prior to the assault taking place (18). • In the USA, victims of child physical or sexual abuse, or neglect have been estimated to be 1.5 times more likely to report illicit drug use, particularly cannabis, in adulthood during the past year than non-abused individuals (19). • In a European survey on violence victimization among dependent drug users in Austria, England, Germany and Switzerland, 42% reported a history of being attacked, assaulted or molested in the last six months (20). Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
• In the USA, women’s use of hard drugs including cocaine and heroin was associated with increased odds of experiencing intimate partner violence in ongoing relationships; both cannabis and hard drug use were associated with increased likelihood of being a victim of intimate partner violence in new relationships (21). • In Ontario, Canada, individuals reporting parental substance use were at more than twice the risk of exposure to childhood physical and sexual abuse (22). • In emergency room studies, cannabis and cocaine use in combination with alcohol were related to violence-related injuries in the UK, Canada and South Africa (23). • In Scotland, 25% of drug users had been assaulted in the last six months (24). Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
Violence within illicit drug markets The lack of formal social and economic controls in illicit drug markets facilitates the spread of violence. Without legal means for resolving business conflicts within drug markets, there is a tendency for violence to emerge as the dominant mechanism of conflict resolution (25-29). Furthermore, gangs and individuals involved in the drug dealing often carry guns for self defence from other groups or individuals who pose a threat to drug operations (30,31). • In Pittsburgh, USA, almost 80% of 19 year olds who sold hard drugs such as cocaine were found to also carry a gun (32). • In England and Wales approximately one third of all arrestees reported owning or holding a gun at some time in their lives; a key reason for doing so was for protection or self defense in buying or selling drugs (16).
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b Whilst there is no internationally agreed terminology for discussing hard drug use, this brief will use this term to refer to the use of cocaine, heroin and methamphetamine.
• In the Caribbean, drug sales and trafficking have led to increases in armed gangs who are attracted by the profits made through such activities (33). • The presence of drug-gangs in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, contributes to a continued influx of weapons to the community and associated violence (34).
3. Mechanisms linking interpersonal violence and illicit drugs There are multiple mechanisms linking interpersonal violence and illicit drug use. These links are far from simple and although associations are well established, few studies have examined causal relationships.Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper. Different illicit drugs have different effects and as such some drugs may be related to violence more than others. Individual personality and biological factors, situational factors (the setting in which drug use occurs)and socio-cultural factors a really influential in this relationship(31,3539). Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
Three theoretical explanations for the drug-violence relationship have been proposed. Firstly,drug use may be linked to violence at the direct psychopharmacological level. Here, as a result of short- or long-term ingestion of specific substances, individuals may experience changes in physiological functioning that, in an unintoxicated state, restrain behaviour. Secondly, drug-related violence can be economic compulsive, in that individuals addicted or dependent on illicit substances (e.g. cocaine and heroin) will commit crimes, including violent crimes, as a means to fund their drug use (25,40-47). Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.Thirdly, drug-related violence can be systemic, with violence being an inherent part of the illicit drug market. Violence is used to enforce the payment of debts, to resolve competition between dealers, and to punish informants (2529,40,44,45,47,48).
Research into the drugs-violence relationship has shown that: • The effects of some drugs, including crack/cocaine, amphetamines and benzodiazepines have been found to increase aggressive and violent behavior (29,35,38,40,46,49-55). Whilst cannabis and heroin use can reduce the likelihood of violence during intoxication, some studies suggest that withdrawal from long term use is associated with aggression (6,7,40,47,49,56). • Individual beliefs and expectations of the effects of drugs (e.g. increased confidence and aggression) mean that some drugs are used in preparation for involvement in violent behaviour (57-59). • Drugs and violence may be linked as those involved in one form of deviance such as drug use may be more likely to engage in other deviant behaviors such as violence (7,40,60,61). • Experiencing violence and living in dysfunctional households (e.g. where illicit drugs are consumed among st household members) during childhood is associated with drug use in later life (62,63).
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• Drugs are used as a coping mechanism to deal with the distress associated with being a victim of violence (64-66). • Exposure to unsafe environments in which drug use occurs increases an individual’s risk of violent victimization (67). • Prenatal and perinatal drug use by parents have been shown to increase levels of stress among st parents and may result in subsequent child maltreatment (68,69),whilst drug dependence can also lead to individuals failing to fulfill parental responsibilities (67). Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
Illicit drug use by perpetrators of violence • In Los Angeles, USA, 35% of methamphetamine users aged 18-25 years old were found to have committed violence while under the influence of the drug . Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
• In Memphis,USA,victimsandfamilymembersbelievedthat92% of perpetrators of intimate partner violence had used drugs or alcohol during the day of the assault and 67% had used a combination of cocaine and alcohol (8). A study on intimate partner violence in China found that partners housed illicit drugs were significantly more likely to abuse their spouses physically, sexually, or both (9).Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
Permalink: https://collepals.com//violence-in-the-…y-research-paper/
• Results from the British Crime Survey 2007/08 showed that victims of violent crime believed the offender to be under the influence of drugs in 19% of incidents (10). • In Australia, perpetrators of violence against nurses in emergency departments were perceived to be under the influence of drugs in 25% of cases (11). • In Atlanta, USA, ecstacy users with higher levels of lifetime use exhibited higher rates of aggressive and violent behaviour (12).
• In Rhode Island, USA, a quarter of women arrested for intimate partner violence and referred by courts to intimate partner violence prevention programme reported symptoms consistent with a drug-related diagnosis (13). • In Canada, boys reporting sexual harassment perpetration were seven times more likely to use drugs and girls four times more likely to use drugs (14). Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.• In a study of violence in youth holiday resorts among young German, Spanish and British holidaymakers, the use of cocaine during the holiday was associated with triple the odds of involvement in fighting and use of cannabis with double the odds (15). • In England and Wales, 12% of arrestees held for assault tested positive for cocaine use and 24% for opiate use (excluding methadone) (16). Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.• Amongst patients to emergency departments in Cape Town and Durban in South Africa those with violence-related injuries were more likely to test positive for drugs than patients with other injury types (17). Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
3
a Where the type of drug used is not defined, this is because the source does not provide this information.
Illicit drug use by victims of violence • In Victoria, Australia, 17.5% of sexual assaults were allegedly drug facilitated. Of these, many had knowingly consumed recreational or prescriptive drugs prior to the assault taking place (18). • In the USA, victims of child physical or sexual abuse, or neglect have been estimated to be 1.5 times more likely to report illicit drug use, particularly cannabis, in adulthood during the past year than non-abused individuals (19). • In a European survey on violence victimization among dependent drug users in Austria, England, Germany and Switzerland, 42% reported a history of being attacked, assaulted or molested in the last six months (20). Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
• In the USA, women’s use of hard drugs including cocaine and heroin was associated with increased odds of experiencing intimate partner violence in ongoing relationships; both cannabis and hard drug use were associated with increased likelihood of being a victim of intimate partner violence in new relationships (21). • In Ontario, Canada, individuals reporting parental substance use were at more than twice the risk of exposure to childhood physical and sexual abuse (22). • In emergency room studies, cannabis and cocaine use in combination with alcohol were related to violence-related injuries in the UK, Canada and South Africa (23). • In Scotland, 25% of drug users had been assaulted in the last six months (24). Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
Violence within illicit drug markets The lack of formal social and economic controls in illicit drug markets facilitates the spread of violence. Without legal means for resolving business conflicts within drug markets, there is a tendency for violence to emerge as the dominant mechanism of conflict resolution (25-29). Furthermore, gangs and individuals involved in the drug dealing often carry guns for self defence from other groups or individuals who pose a threat to drug operations (30,31). • In Pittsburgh, USA, almost 80% of 19 year olds who sold hard drugs such as cocaine were found to also carry a gun (32). • In England and Wales approximately one third of all arrestees reported owning or holding a gun at some time in their lives; a key reason for doing so was for protection or self defense in buying or selling drugs (16).
4
b Whilst there is no internationally agreed terminology for discussing hard drug use, this brief will use this term to refer to the use of cocaine, heroin and methamphetamine.
• In the Caribbean, drug sales and trafficking have led to increases in armed gangs who are attracted by the profits made through such activities (33). • The presence of drug-gangs in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, contributes to a continued influx of weapons to the community and associated violence (34).
3. Mechanisms linking interpersonal violence and illicit drugs There are multiple mechanisms linking interpersonal violence and illicit drug use. These links are far from simple and although associations are well established, few studies have examined causal relationships.Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper. Different illicit drugs have different effects and as such some drugs may be related to violence more than others. Individual personality and biological factors, situational factors (the setting in which drug use occurs)and socio-cultural factors a really influential in this relationship(31,3539). Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
Three theoretical explanations for the drug-violence relationship have been proposed. Firstly,drug use may be linked to violence at the direct psychopharmacological level. Here, as a result of short- or long-term ingestion of specific substances, individuals may experience changes in physiological functioning that, in an unintoxicated state, restrain behaviour. Secondly, drug-related violence can be economic compulsive, in that individuals addicted or dependent on illicit substances (e.g. cocaine and heroin) will commit crimes, including violent crimes, as a means to fund their drug use (25,40-47). Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.Thirdly, drug-related violence can be systemic, with violence being an inherent part of the illicit drug market. Violence is used to enforce the payment of debts, to resolve competition between dealers, and to punish informants (2529,40,44,45,47,48).
Research into the drugs-violence relationship has shown that: • The effects of some drugs, including crack/cocaine, amphetamines and benzodiazepines have been found to increase aggressive and violent behavior (29,35,38,40,46,49-55). Whilst cannabis and heroin use can reduce the likelihood of violence during intoxication, some studies suggest that withdrawal from long term use is associated with aggression (6,7,40,47,49,56). • Individual beliefs and expectations of the effects of drugs (e.g. increased confidence and aggression) mean that some drugs are used in preparation for involvement in violent behaviour (57-59). • Drugs and violence may be linked as those involved in one form of deviance such as drug use may be more likely to engage in other deviant behaviors such as violence (7,40,60,61). • Experiencing violence and living in dysfunctional households (e.g. where illicit drugs are consumed among st household members) during childhood is associated with drug use in later life (62,63).
5
• Drugs are used as a coping mechanism to deal with the distress associated with being a victim of violence (64-66). • Exposure to unsafe environments in which drug use occurs increases an individual’s risk of violent victimization (67). • Prenatal and perinatal drug use by parents have been shown to increase levels of stress among st parents and may result in subsequent child maltreatment (68,69),whilst drug dependence can also lead to individuals failing to fulfill parental responsibilities (67). Violence In The Illegal Drug Industry Research Paper.
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