Case Study: 3-year old girl complaining of dysuria with frequent episodes of enuresis

NURS 6541: Primary Care of Adolescents and Children | Week 9

The care of genitourinary (GU) disorders can range from primary care diagnosis and treatment to referral for specialized care, making it essential for you to identify when a patient’s needs fall within your scope of practice. Consider Hannah, who received specialized treatment for a GU disorder. When Hannah was born, her bladder was misshapen and located outside of her body, requiring immediate surgery. Although the surgery was a success, she began to present with complications at age 2. As is common among children with her condition, bladder exstrophy, she suffered from frequent urinary tract infections (Miami Children’s Hospital, 2012). Although you might not treat bladder exstrophy as an advanced practice nurse, you must be able to treat resulting complications that present later in the patient’s life. In your role, you will care for pediatric patients with GU disorders, and like Hannah, some of these patients will have unique needs, requiring long-term treatment and management.

This week you explore genitourinary disorders in pediatric patients. You also examine differential diagnoses for these disorders, as well as the impact of patient culture on treatment, management, and education.

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Learning Objectives – Evaluation and Management of Renal and Genitourinary Disorders, NURS 6541 Week 9 Case Study: 3-year old girl complaining of dysuria with frequent episodes of enuresis

By the end of this week, students will:

• Analyze treatment and management plans for pediatric patients with genitourinary disorders
• Analyze strategies for educating patients and families on the treatment and management of genitourinary disorders
• Evaluate the impact of culture on the treatment and management of genitourinary disorders
• Understand and apply key terms, principles, and concepts related to genitourinary disorders in pediatric patients
• Evaluate diagnoses for pediatric patients
• Evaluate treatment and management plans
• Assess pediatric patients with signs of hematologic and metabolic disorders*
• Assess pediatric patients with signs of gastrointestinal disorders*

*These Learning Objectives support assignments that are due this week but were assigned in Weeks 8 and 9.

Discussion: Diagnosis and Management of Genitourinary Disorders

Many genitourinary (GU) disorders such as kidney disease begin developing during childhood and adolescence (Johns Hopkins Children’s Center, 2010). This early onset of disease makes it essential for you, as the advanced practice nurse caring for pediatric patients, to identify potential signs and symptoms. Although some pediatric GU disorders require long-term treatment and management, other disorders such as bedwetting or urinary tract infections are more common and frequently require only minor interventions. In your role with pediatric patients, you must evaluate symptoms and determine whether to treat patients or refer them for specialized care. For this Discussion, consider potential diagnoses, treatment, and/or referral options for the patients in the following three case studies.

Discussion board posting assignments are assigned alphabetically by FIRST NAME to ensure all cases are covered and discussed.

• Case Study 1: A-F
• Case Study 2: G-M
• Case Study 3: N-T
• Case Study 4: U-Z

Case Study 1

HPI: This is a 3 year old girl with a 2-day history of complaints of dysuria with frequent episodes of enuresis despite potty training about 7 months ago. She is afebrile and denies vomiting.

PMH: Last UTI, 6 months ago.
PE: Dipstick voided urine analysis reveals: specific gravity 1.015, Protein 1+ non-hemolyzed blood, 1+ nitrites, 1+ leukocytes, and glucose-negative.

Case Study 2

Jacob is a 1.5 week old brought in by his distressed mother. While changing his diaper last night, she noted that his penis was edematous and erythematous. He has been crying and fussy. Per mom, no other complaints. He’s been breastfeeding every 1-2 hours without any issues.

PE: Stable VS and growth patterns. Essentially a normal examination with the exception of a slightly erythematous and edematous glans penis with retracted prepuce.

Case Study 3

HPI: Mark is a 15-year-old with complaint of acute left scrotal pain with nausea. The pain began approximately 6 hours ago after a wrestling match. He describes the pain as a dull ache and has gradually worsened to where he can no longer stand without doubling over. He is afebrile and in marked pain.

PE: Physical exam is negative except for elevation of the left testicle, diffuse scrotal edema, and the presence of a blue dot sign.

Case Study 4

HPI: Maya is a 5-year-old who presents for a well-child visit. She is a healthy child with no complaints.

PE: VS stable; Height and weight within the 60th percentile. Head to toe examination is normal.
Diagnostics: Routine urinalysis indicates 2+ proteinuria; specific gravity 1.020; negative for glucose, blood, leukocytes, and nitrites. 60th percentile for height and weight.

To prepare:

• Review “Genitourinary Disorders” in the Burns et al. text.
• Review and select one of the three provided case studies. Analyze the patient information.
• Consider a differential diagnosis for the patient in the case study you selected. Think about the most likely diagnosis for the patient.
• Think about a treatment and management plan for the patient. Be sure to consider appropriate dosages for any recommended pharmacologic and/or non-pharmacologic treatments.
• Consider strategies for educating patients and families on the treatment and management of the genitourinary disorder.

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Post an analysis of your assigned case by responding to the following:

• What additional questions will you ask?
  • Has the case addressed the LOCATES mnemonic? If not, what else do you need to ask? What additional history will you need? (Think FMH, allergies, meds and so forth, that might be pertinent in arriving to your differential diagnoses).
• What additional examinations or diagnostic tests, if any will you conduct?
• What are your differential diagnoses? What historical and physical exam features support your rationales? Provide at least 3 differentials.
• What is your most likely diagnosis and why?
• How will you treat this child?
  • Provide medication treatment and symptomatic care.
  • Provide correct medication dosage. Use the knowledge you learned from this week’s and previous weeks’ readings as well as what you have learned from pharmacology to help you with this area.
• Patient Education, Health Promotion & Anticipatory guidance:
  • Explain strategies for educating parents on their child’s disorder and reducing any concerns/fears presented in the case study.
  • Include any socio-cultural barriers that might impact the treatment and management plans.
  • Health Promotion:
    • What immunizations should this child have had?
    • Based on the child’s age, when is the next well visit?
    • At the next well visit, what are the next set of immunizations?
    • What additional anticipatory guidance should be provided today?

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

By Day 6

Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in both of the ways listed below. Respond to colleagues who selected different case studies than you did.

• Describe how culture might impact the diagnosis, management, and follow-up care of patients with the genitourinary disorders your colleagues discussed.
• Based on your personal and/or professional experiences, expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or different perspectives. Case Study: 3-year old girl complaining of dysuria with frequent episodes of enuresis