Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.
Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.
A. experiments
B. case studies
C. surveys
D. naturalistic observations
QUESTION 2 When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, we’d say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory.
A. unidirectional
B. discontinuous
C. bidirectional
D. continuous
QUESTION 3 According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved.
A. Jean Piaget
B. Abraham Maslow
C. Erik Erikson
D. Lawrence Kohlberg
QUESTION 4. Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant’s needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Erikson’s developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?
A. industry vs. inferiority
B. trust vs. mistrust
C. identity vs. confusion
D. autonomy vs. shame/doubt
QUESTION 5. After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?
A. integrity vs. despair
B. generativity vs. stagnation
C. initiative vs. guilt
D. identity vs. guilt
QUESTION 6 During Piaget’s proposed ________ stage of development, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. At the same time they lack the ability to think abstractly.
A. concrete operational
B. formal operational
C. sensorimotor
D. preoperational
QUESTION 7 Which of the following illustrates conservation?
A. Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower but doesn’t realize that he is wasting water that way.
B. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.
C. Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels but he doesn’t know the value of either coin by itself.
D. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries because she doesn’t think they can be recycled.
QUESTION 8. According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes?
A. sensorimotor
B. preoperational
C. concrete operational
D. formal operational
QUESTION 9. Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlberg’s theory of morality.
A. post-conventional
B. conventional
C. pre-conventional
D. concrete operational
QUESTION 10. Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.
A. native
B. manipulative
C. fine
D. gross
QUESTION 11 Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?
A. avoidant
B. secure
C. disorganized
D. resistant
QUESTION 12. Carissa’s parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?
A. Freudian
B. authoritarian
C. permissive
D. authoritative
QUESTION 13 What is an advanced directive?
A. A legal document that bars anyone from providing resuscitative care if one’s heart should stop or they stop breathing.
B. An indication of what a person wants for their own funeral ceremonies (including requesting that no funeral be held).
C. A statement of what a person wants done with their estate, including who their possessions should go to.
D. A legal document that provides specific interventions that a person wants.
QUESTION 14 Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.
A. id
B. ego
C. unconscious
D. superego
QUESTION 15 According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.
A. anal
B. oral
C. genital
D. phallic
QUESTION 16. What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?
A. Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.
B. Neo-Freudians theorized about personality while Sigmund Freud did not.
C. Sigmund Freud did not emphasize childhood sexuality while the neo-Freudians did.
D. Sigmund Freud was a feminist while the neo-Freudians were not.
QUESTION 17 Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler’s main contributions to personality theory?
A. suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality
B. advocating for analytical psychology
C. the idea that men have womb envy
D. the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial stages
QUESTION 18 Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.
A. an external locus on control
B. good self-regulation
C. poor self-regulation
D. an internal locus of control
QUESTION 19. What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?
A. Personality theory should be based on social health and public interests.
B. Personality is formed solely in childhood and does not change after we hit puberty.
C. Personality is significantly shaped by the biology and genetic lineage of the organism.
D. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.
QUESTION 20. Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?
A. Our defense mechanisms are formed in childhood.
B. Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.
C. Emotions are cognitive processes with behavioral antecedents.
D. How we cope with anxiety reflects our personality.
QUESTION 21 According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.
A. the esteem of others
B. connections and affiliation
C. self-efficacy
D. self-actualization
QUESTION 22 Of the following options, which is not one of the temperaments first proposed by Thomas and Chess (1977)?
A. the slow to warm up baby
B. the secure baby
C. the difficult baby
D. the easy baby
QUESTION 23 What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
A. Identical twins have very similar personality when raised together, but not when raised apart.
B. Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.
C. Twins of any kind have very similar personalities, regardless of where they are raised.
D. Fraternal twins have very similar personalities whether raised together or apart.
QUESTION 24 Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress?
A. Laura experiences stress because she gasped and had difficulty breathing when she saw a spider.
B. Carrie experiences stress because she notices her car is almost out of gas and worries about being stranded on the highway, but then she feels better when she sees a gas station nearby.
C. Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside.
D. Grace experiences stress when she notices her heartbeat increasing in response to being separated from her parents at the amusement park.
QUESTION 25 Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.
A. social
B. cognitive
C. emotional
D. physical
QUESTION 26 Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.
A. morbid
B. physiological
C. mental
D. cognitive
QUESTION 27 Jade hears a rattle. When she turns around she sees a rattlesnake inches from her leg. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. This response is called the ________ response.
A. eustress-distress
B. emotional-threat
C. flight-or-flight
D. social supportive
QUESTION 28 Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
A. Bill collapses by the side of the road after the marathon.
B. Sheila almost drowned, but she was able to keep her head out of the water and focus on swimming to shore.
C. A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path.
D. William sleepwalks when he eats too much candy before bed.
QUESTION 29 Angela transfers to a new high school for gifted children and has trouble making friends. She expected this and plans to change it by joining more after school clubs and sitting next to different people at lunch. She believes she has effective options for dealing with the stressor of having no friends; therefore, she experiences ________.
A. more anxiety than someone who has no effective options
B. no physiological response to the stressor of having no friends
C. less stress than someone who has no effective options
D. more stress than someone who has no effective options
QUESTION 30 In Hans Selye’s rat study, rats that were exposed to stressors over a long period of time showed signs of ________.
A. adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node shrinkage, and stomach ulceration
B. adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node enlargement, and stomach ulceration
C. adrenal dissipation, thymus and lymph node mortification, and constipation
D. adrenal shrinkage, thymus and lymph node enlargement, and stomach ulceration
QUESTION 31 Keegan is a police officer. She was recently placed on administrative leave because she was shot during an armed robbery. Since the shooting, she can’t stop thinking about how it felt to be shot, she is often angry with her husband, she jumps when she hears a loud noise, and she takes a 15 minute detour when driving home to avoid the neighborhood where it happened. Keegan probably suffers from ________.
A. bipolar depressive disorder
B. the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome
C. posttraumatic stress disorder
D. physiological stressors related to her shooting
QUESTION 32. Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces?
A. biofeedfack
B. coping
C. autopilot
D. distress
QUESTION 33. Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all different forms of ________.
A. social support
B. the relaxation response technique
C. health maintenance
D. achieving flow
QUESTION 34. Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress; he immediately uses the internet to look up other jobs in his field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from his budget to make his savings last longer. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using?
A. stress reduction
B. proactive
C. emotion-focused
D. problem-focused
QUESTION 35. Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives rather than focusing on pathology, faults and problems?
A. positive psychology
B. humanistic psychology
C. gestalt psychology
D. eustress psychology
QUESTION 36. What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
A. genetics
B. sexual preference
C. environment and culture
D. biology
QUESTION 37. Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________.
A. norms
B. markers
C. boundaries
D. milestones
QUESTION 38. Galen used the terms calm, reliable, and thoughtful to describe a ________ person.
A. melancholic
B. choleric
C. sanguine
D. phlegmatic
QUESTION 39. A(n) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn’t measure up to the standards of others or of society.
A. Freudian
B. Electra
C. inferiority
D. Oedipal
QUESTION 40. What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?
A. An individual’s personality develops throughout the lifespan.
B. An individual’s personality is determined in childhood.
C. Individuals are either introverts or extroverts.
D. The Electra complex caused women to be neurotic.
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