Which theory of attention posits that selection occurs after all incoming stimuli have been identified?
Which theory of attention posits that selection occurs after all incoming stimuli have been identified?
ention.
attenuation theory
late selection theory
early selection theory
All theories of attention make this assumption.
Question 2The term ________ is typically associated with the physiological processes that underlie information intake, while the term ________ is typically associated with the interpretation and organization of incoming information.
top-down processing; bottom-up processing
bottom-up processing; top-down processing
sensation; perception
perception; sensation
Question 3The higher cognitive processes, such as remembering, planning, and deciding are located in:
the cerebral cortex.
the midbrain.
the hindbrain.
none of the above.
Question 4Metacognition refers to:
the role that emotion plays in cognition.
the fact that we have evolved particular cognitive tendencies and abilities.
the role that the body plays in thinking.
the knowledge we have about our own cognitive processes.
Question 5The notion of an affordance – – that certain objects or structures offer particular “action possibilities” (i.e., sitting) — fits nicely with which theoretical approach?
constructive view of perception
direct view of perception
Gestalt principles of organization
top-down processing
Question 6You set out from your living room to go down to the basement to get something. When you get to the basement, you forget what you have walked down there to get. What kind of action slip is this?
description error
associative activation error
capture error
loss of activation error
Question 7Our tendency to group elements that occur at the same time is called:
common fate.
similarity.
closure.
synchrony.
Question 8Noam Chomsky:
proposed that language can be accounted for solely based on S-R principles.
sharply criticized Skinner’s view of language learning.
proposed that language learning is dependent on automatic self-reinforcement.
saw no need for the concept of mental representations in explaining language.
Question 9Drifting toward the center line while trying to retrieve the cell phone you dropped on the car floor would be an example of a deficit in what level of task, as described by the Groeger (1999) framework?
operational
tactical
strategic
planning
Question 10The identification of a stimulus with the help of context, previous knowledge, and/or expectations is called:
top-down processing.
bottom-up processing.
materialism.
phenomenal consciousness.
Question 11The sense of subjective awareness of what our mind is currently doing is termed:
access consciousness.
phenomenal consciousness.
metacognition.
unconsciousness.
Question 12A speech perception effect in which visual information conflicts with auditory signals, changing the perceived speech sound is called:
the averaging effect.
synesthesia.
the ventriloquist effect.
the McGurk effect.
Question 13The behaviorists claimed that in order for learning to take place, you need to have________ and ________. It turns out ________ is (are) absolutely necessary.
mental representations; motivation; neither
mental representations; motivation; only mental representations
response and reinforcement; neither
response and reinforcement; only reinforcement
Question 14Post-attentive processes:
require little attention.
occur before attention is focused.
are effortful and conscious.
would include the perceptual grouping processes proposed by Gestalt psychologists.
Question 15Research on split-brain patients reveals that:
the left hemisphere typically specializes in verbal processing, while the right hemisphere specializes in spatial tasks
the left hemisphere typically specializes in spatial tasks, while the right hemisphere specializes in verbal processing
people who have had their corpus callosum severed have a great deal of difficulty functioning in everyday life
for normal people, there is no difference between the functioning of the left and right hemispheres
The answer can be found in Section 1.4 Psychology A.D.
PSY352 Cognitive Psychology
Week 2 Quiz
Question 1The classic measure used to assess immediate memory capacity limits is termed:
the Stroop task.
memory span.
the Brown-Peterson task.
the juggling task.
Question 2We tend to think in terms of and talk about:
basic level categories.
superordinate categories.
subordinate categories.
category hierarchies.
Question 3In image-based approaches to object recognition:
objects are recognized holistically through comparison with a stored analog representation.
identification of the object is viewpoint independent.
a rotated image can be recognized just as quickly as an image in its normal orientation.
an object must first be broken down into components.
Question 4The olfactory-verbal gap is:
the inability of people to label an odor given a choice of labels.
the ability of people to name similar odors.
the indirect connection of olfaction and verbal labels, through an emotional process.
the difficulty people have in correctly identifying odors.
Question 5The ________ approaches to object recognition might also be termed feature analysis, and propose that recognition ________ depend on the particular perspective we have on the object to be recognized.
image-based; does
image-based; does not
parts-based; does
parts-based; does not
Question 6The case where later information interferes with the ability to retain information that occurred earlier is called:
anterograde amnesia.
retroactive interference.
proactive interference.
retrograde amnesia.
Question 7Semantic memories:
are generally retrieved in the absence of a recollective experience.
tend to be more vulnerable to forgetting than episodic memories.
typically include an affective (i.e., emotional) component.
aren’t all that important in day-to-day living.
Question 8The most conservative estimate of the limits on immediate memory is:
1 or 2.
3 or 4.
7.
9.
Question 9Deaf individuals:
show effects of similarity, but not word length.
have no articulatory loop at all.
show effects of word length, but not similarity.
show effects of word length and similarity, just like hearing individuals.
Question 10A problem with the prototype approach that can be explained by the exemplar approach is:
sensitivity to context.
similarity to the standard example.
typical examples are generated first when people are asking to name a category member.
that the exemplar approach is more economical.
Question 11Mind-wandering:
requires no mental effort.
is associated with increased awareness of the surrounding environment.
rarely occurs in daily life.
usually occurs without intention.
Question 12Which of the following types of processing would result in the best memory?
thinking about how many syllables are in the word you are trying to remember
thinking of a rhyming word
evaluating whether the word fits into a sentence
thinking about how the word relates to you
Question 13Categories that are formed “on the fly” in the service of some goal are termed:
natural categories.
artifact categories.
ad hoc categories.
metaphorical concept categories.
Question 14A problem with an extreme version of the exemplar approach is that:
people are not sensitive to the biasing effects of context.
it is not based on the idea of similarity to an example.
it uses only the average examples, not all of the examples in memory.
it is not economical to store every single example in memory.
Question 15If people are given unorganized information to process, they will attempt to:
use distinctiveness processing to aid memory
impose their own structure and use subjective, idiosyncratic categories
use material-appropriate processing to aid memory
remember it using maintenance rehearsal
PSY352 Cognitive Psychology
Week 3 Quiz
Question 1Research in everyday memory issues is usually higher in _______ and lower in _______ than typical laboratory memory research.
ecological validity; internal validity
internal validity; ecological validity
internal validity; external validity
ecological validity; external validity
Question 2The results of laboratory studies of illusory memory indicate that:
participants often consciously recollect the theme words around which each list is constructed, even
though these words were never presented.
participants don’t generally recollect that the theme word had been presented; they just KNOW that it was presented.
participants often recognized that the theme words as having been in the lists but rarely recalled those theme
words.
false memories can not be created in a list learning paradigm.
Question 3The Proust phenomenon is:
the power of odors to elicit memories that are especially old and vivid
the ability of odors to generate more detailed memories
using olfactory odors to generate autobiographical facts
the ability of odors to generate very early memories in life
Question 4Which of these is an example of autobiographical memory?
Dan remembers his first date.
Susan plans for the two papers she has to write this week.
Zoe recalls that her mom hates it when she bites her nails.
Brant tells someone that he has season tickets to his college’s games.
Question 5Wang (2006) compared the early recall of Taiwanese and U.S. adults in terms of the age of their early
childhood recollections and the degree of autonomy reflected in the memories. She found that U.S. participants
had ____ memories than Taiwanese participants, and that memories of U.S. participants were ____ likely to reflect autonomy.
earlier; more
earlier; less
later; more
later; less
Question 6The phenomenon of imagination inflation:
is an instance in which the less a memory is imagined, the more real it seems.
is an instance in which the more a memory is imagined, the more real it seems
is present only in young children.
only works in a laboratory setting.
Question 7Which of these autobiographical memory research techniques was introduced by the same individual who came up with the statistical technique of correlation?
cue-word technique
targeted event recall
diary technique
flashbulb memories
Question 8Nash, Wadem, and Brewer (2009) investigated what they termed the doctored evidence effect and propose all but one of these as a possible source of the effect. Which one did they not propose?
imagination
familiarity
credibility
elaboration
The answer can be found in Section 8.3 Illusory Memories.
Question 9Currently, flashbulb memories seem to be explained by:
encoding specificity
special memory mechanisms due to the emotion involved
the Now Print! Theory
the intensification of basic memory mechanisms by emotion
Question 10All of these are typically a component of a flashbulb memory except for:
what you were doing at the time
what you were wearing that day
what you did next
how you felt when you heard
Question 11Autobiographical memory helps us to organize, reflect on, and think through important life events. This assertion relates to which function of autobiographical memory?
informational
communicative
directive
emotional
Question 12Relating details of personally experienced events makes us seem more believable and truthful, and tends to make us more persuasive. This assertion relates to which function of autobiographical memory?
emotional
informational
communicative
directive
Question 13People often tout the power of smells as cues for autobiographical memories. How does empirical research
stack up on this issue?
Olfactory cues produce more detailed memories than do non-olfactory cues.
Olfactory cues produce more recent memories than do non-olfactory cues.
Olfactory cues produce more vivid memories than do non-olfactory cues.
Olfactory cues tend to produce flashbulb memories.
Question 14Which of these autobiographical memory research techniques allows a researcher to plot the autobiographical retention function?
cue-word technique
targeted event recall
diary technique
flashbulb memories
Question 15The “general events” level of representation in autobiographical memory bears a strong resemblance to:
the subordinate level of category representation
the superordinate level of category representation
the basic level of category representation
the notion of an exemplar in category representation
PSY352 Cognitive Psychology
Week 4 Quiz
Question 1Inductive reasoning:
involves reasoning from specific instances to a general rule.
leads to a certain conclusion.
involves using premises to justify a conclusion.
is often associated with a bias to avoid confirming evidence.
Question 2According to the mere effort
account of the stereotype threat effect, invoking a stereotype:
disrupts cognitive performance in all circumstances.
pushes people away from their prepotent response, disrupting performance.
pushes people toward their prepotent response, which can enhance performance under some circumstances.
pushes people toward their prepotent response when it’s inappropriate, and away from it it when it’s appropriate.
Question 3 Using problems that have already been solved as aids for representing and solving the problem currently being
faced is termed:
an algorithm.
reasoning by analogy.
means-end analysis.
working backwards.
Question 4“Correct specification of the problem space” would be the way in which the General Problem Solver framework describes:
functional fixedness.
creativity.
problem representation.
problem solution.
Question 5Which of the following is NOT generally considered to be a component of a problem?
a goal
a reward
a set of constraints
a set of obstacles to overcome
Question 6If you want someone to be willing to take a risk, you can make it more likely by:
telling them what they stand to gain if they don’t take the risk.
telling them what they stand to lose if they don’t take the risk.
pitting the risk against a sure gain.
doing nothing special; risk-taking is people’s “default mode.”
Question 7The ________ view of inductive reasoning states that inductive reasoning involves updating the strengths of one’s beliefs based on the recall of specific instances.
experience based
rule-based
categorization
confirmatory
Question 8According to the Gestalt psychologists, the sudden and successful restructuring of problem elements is termed:
the law of effect.
subgoal analysis.
insight.
problem space restructuring.
Question 9According to the dual-process view of reasoning, judgment and decision making, which mode of thinking
operates relatively slowly, deliberately and in a controlled manner?
heuristic mode
rational mode
bounded mode
analytic mode
Question 10“All toads are animals. All men are animals. Therefore, all men are toads.” Many would evaluate this as a valid syllogism, due to its ALL ALL ALL form. This is because:
of belief bias.
people have trouble reasoning about familiar objects.
people have more trouble with universal quantifiers (e.g., ALL) than with particular ones (e.g., SOME).
of an atmosphere effect.
Question 11Which approach to problem solving attempts to minimize the “distance” between an initial state and a goal state by breaking the problem down into a series of subgoals?
Gestalt approach
Behaviorist approach
GPS approach
Structuralist approach
Question 12Coincidences are extremely striking, and often lead people to believe in ________. The ease with which we think of coincidences makes them important players in the ______ heuristic.
illusory correlations; availability
illusory correlations; representativeness
stereotypes; availability
stereotypes; representativeness
Question 13People tend to ignore the base rate of some occurrence in the population in making their judgments. For example, they assume anyone over 6’6” must have played a lot of basketball, even thought the majority of individuals have not played much basketball. This is a prime example of:
regression to the mean.
the availability heuristic.
the representativeness heuristic.
anchoring and adjustment.
Question 14Reasoning from a stereotype is most closely related to this heuristic:
the representativeness heuristic.
simulation.
the availability heuristic.
anchoring and adjustment.
Question 15Which of the following is NOT one the three sources of difficulty in solving insight problems according to Kershaw and Ohlsson?
Perceptual factors
Experience factors
Process factors
Knowledge factors
PSY352 Cognitive Psychology
Week 5 Quiz
Question 1Which of these is a garden-path sentence?
They are cooking rocks.
The horse raced past the barn fell.
John went to the grocery store and bought a car.
Susan walked up the garden path.
Question 2The sentence, “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously” violates:
the rules of both syntax and semantics.
the rules of syntax but not semantics.
neither the rules of syntax nor semantics.
the rules of semantics, but not syntax.
Question 3The story grammar approach basically applies which notion (from sentence comprehension) to the
comprehension of stories and larger units of discourse?
case grammar
parsing
morphology
constraint-based grammar
Question 4Which of these describes the bottom-up processes in reading?
Reading is aided by expectations.
Reading is aided by context.
Reading is aided by other words.
Reading requires analysis of the printed symbols.
Question 5The sentences, “John is easy to please,” and “It is easy to please John” are:
identical in both surface and deep structure.
identical in deep structure, but differ in surface structure.
identical in surface structure, but differ in deep structure.
different in both deep and surface structure.
Question 6Chomsky’s approach to how we engage in language is termed:
transformational grammar.
constraint-based grammar.
phonetic grammar.
syntactic based grammar.
Question 7Place of articulation is to manner of articulation as ________ is to ________.
release; vibration
vocal cords; air flow
interrupt; stop
where; how
Question 8Anaphors are more likely to result in the successful retrieval of an appropriate antecedent when:
the antecedent has occurred recently.
the antecedent received first mention.
both factors mentioned in a and b are important.
neither factor mentioned in a and b are important.
Question 9What is parsing?
the process of accessing word meaning
the process of converting syntax into semantics
the process of identifying the component elements of a sentence
the process of mapping the look of a word onto the sound of a word
Question 10Misheard word boundaries, which often make understanding song lyrics difficult on the first few times you hear a song (and sometimes longer!) have been dubbed:
Singing Bees.
Mondegreens.
Lyrical Errors.
Earbugs.
Question 11Recent research comparing the number of words used by male and female speakers:
reveals that males use over three times as many words in their speech as females.
reveals that females use over three times as many words in their speech as males.
reveals little difference in the number of words used by males and females.
The number of words in natural conversation has never been measured.
Question 12About how many phonemes make up American English?
10
25
45
105
Question 13A ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning.
phone
phoneme
morpheme
word
Question 14Word fixations typically last around ____.
2 seconds
1 second
¾ second
¼ second
Question 15This structure-building process involves using world knowledge and linguistic knowledge to relate new
information to information that’s already been encoded:
laying a foundation
mapping
shifting
suppression
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