List the functions of the skeletal system.
Student Name: Nicholaus McDevit
Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): AC-3VSAZEM
Pre-Lab Questions:
1. List the functions of the skeletal system.
Support, Movement, Protection, Storage of bone marrow, Red marrow production.
2. What material contributes the greatest to the compressive strength of bone? Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate
3. Briefly describe the process of bone remodeling.
The bones are able to be reshape from adapting to the physical needs.
Experiment 1: Classification of Bones
Table 6: Classification of Bones
Bone Name
Classification by Shape
Classification by Location
Short
Appendicular
Long
Appendicular
Long
Appendicular
Long
Appendicular
Tarsals
Short
Appendicular
Sternum
Flat
Axial
Long
Appendicular
Irregular
Axial
Flat
Axial
Flat
Axial
Post-Lab Questions
1. Why is it important to classify bones?
2. Aside from length, what are some other common characteristics of a long bone? Are long bones typically associated with the axial or appendicular skeleton?
3. Compare flat bones and long bones. How are they different? How are they the same?
Experiment 2: Digital Slide Image Examination—Bone
Post-Lab Questions
1. Label the arrows in the following digital slide images: Cortical Bone:
2. Compare and contrast cortical and trabecular bone.
3. What is the purpose of cortical bone? What is the purpose of trabecular bone?
4. What are trabeculae? What is their function?
5. What are haversian systems? What is their function?
Experiment 5: Physical Skeleton – The Axial Skeleton
Table 9: Cervical Vertebrae Observations
Vertebral Feature
Observations
Size of cervical vertebrae in comparison to those of the thoracic and lumbar region
Shape of the vertebral foramen
Spinous Process of the C3 – C6 Vertebrae
Spinous Process of the C7 Vertebra
Table 10: Thoracic Vertebrae Observations
Vertebral Feature
Observations
Size and weight of the thoracic vertebrae in comparison to those of the cervical and lumbar region
Shape of the vertebral body
Appearance and projection direction of the Spinous Process
Table 11: Lumbar Vertebrae Observations
Vertebral Feature
Observations
Size of the lumbar vertebrae in comparison to those of the cervical and lumbar region
Shape of the vertebral body
Appearance and projection direction of the Spinous Process
Table 15: Rib Feature Observations
Rib Feature
Observations
Length of ribs 1 – 7 (do they increase or decrease in length?)
Length or ribs 8 – 12 (do they increase or decrease in length?)
Articulation of the ribs and thoracic vertebrae (notice the specific rib and vertebra that articulate)
Post-Lab Questions
What are the three components of the axial skeleton? Describe the function of each.
On the skull below, fill in the blanks with the correct bone names.
A-
B-
C-
D-
E-
F-
3. For the following bones, state whether they are cranial or facial bones and give their location.
Bone Facial or Cranial Location
Temporal Bones
Mandible
Vomer
Zygomatic Bones
Parietal Bones
Ethmoid Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Lacrimal Bones
4. What are the three regions of the vertebral column? Describe the general shape and size of the vertebrae in each region.
5. What are the atlas and axis? What are their functions?
6. On the vertebra below, fill in the blanks with the correct vertebral structure.
A-
B-
C-
D-
E-
7. What is the purpose of the thoracic cage?
8. Describe the three components of the sternum.
9. Describe the difference between true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs.
Experiment 6: Virtual Model – The Axial Skeleton
1. What features are located inferior to the cranium, and superior to the mandibular? Identify the category here. How many individual items are included in this category? Hint: The answer is not a bone.
2. Why aren’t teeth considered bones?
3. Identify the two major bones which compose the head.
4. To what bone does the right scapula atach?
5. Is the left clavicle superior or inferior to the right scapula?
Experiment 7: Physical Skeleton – The Appendicular Skeleton
Post-Lab Questions
1. What are the four parts of the upper extremity and the lower extremity of the appendicular skeleton?
2. Compare and contrast the size and function of the upper and lower extremities of the appendicular skeleton.
3. What are the three fused bones that make up the coxae of the pelvic girdle? What is their location in relationship to one another?
Experiment 8: Virtual Model – The Appendicular Skeleton
Post-Lab Questions
1. How many left metatarsals are there?
2. Is the right fibula inferior or superior to the patella?
3. Are the ossa digitorum or the ossa metatarsalia more medial to the body?
4. Which two bones atach to the patella?
5. Identify the three bones which comprise the leg.
Experiment 9: Articulations
Post-Lab Questions
1. What two ways can joints be classified? What are the three classifications of each type?
2. Fibrous joints are either sutures or syndesmoses. What is the difference between the two? Give examples of each type.
3. A symphysis and synchondroses are two classifications of what type of joint? What are the differences between the two classifications?
4. What allows synovial joints to be diarthrotic?
5. For the following, match the correct synovial joint to the movement it produces.
Pivot Joint Gliding Joint Ball and Socket Joint Condyloid Joint Saddle Joint Hinge Joint
Movement
Joint
Uniaxial movement, typically flexion or extension
Uniaxial rotation
Side-to-side and back-and-forth movement
Multiaxial movement
Concave and convex surfaces of both bones allow for biaxial movement
Ellipsoidal fit allows for biaxial movement
Joint
Articulating Bones
Type of Synovial Joint
Movement
Elbow
Knee
Hip
Ankle
Wrist
Experiment 10: Virtual Model- Skeletal System Coloring Activity
Insert the image for each exercise below:
Left Arm:
Sternum and Clavicles:
Vertebral Column:
Right Hand:
Sacrum:
Legs:
Feet:
Experiment 11: Skeletal System of the Fetal Pig
Table 34: Skeletal Region Observations
Skeletal Region
Observations
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Joints
Post-Lab Questions
1. What are some of the similarities and differences you noticed between the human skeletal system and the palpation of the fetal pig skeletal system?
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