Components of Ethos
COM125 Effective Speaking
Module 1 Discussion
DQ1 Components of Ethos
In the public speaking arena, Ethos represents the desire of your audience to believe you. Ethos is one of the key elements to public speaking, and without it you will lose your audience. There are four components: competence, integrity, goodwill, and dynamism. See the handout in “Handouts and Links” for definitions of these components.
Chapter 3 in your text talks about ethical implications of what you choose to use in a speech. They even say no decision you make as a speaker is morally neutral – you will always pick a side. Then it goes on to explain many of the ways you can decrease or ruin your ethics, by failing to maintain the integrity of your ideas: plagiarism, lying, oversimplification, and propaganda devices.
After you’ve read chapter 3, choose one of the components of Ethos and describe it, in terms of the relationship you build with your audience while speaking. Be specific, in that you name things you would have to do in order to achieve that component of ethos.
Hit “Reply” to put your initial post up, and remember, it’s due before this Wednesday at 11:55pm!
Initial post should be 100 words or more, replies should be 50 words But not TOO much more!!!
DQ2 Listening Barriers
Listening is one of the most important components of learning Effective Speaking. Why is this, you may ask? Because you can’t possibly be an effective speaker if you’re not a good listener.
What can contribute to making us a bad listener? As you’ll see in the Chapter 2 handout, there are both internal and external barriers to listening. Let’s compile a list of things that make us poor listeners. Each student, add a new one to the list, and then discuss one of these barriers in detail. Don’t just add the same one as someone else.
Determine whether your chosen barrier is an internal or external barrier to effective listening. Try and decide where it comes from, how it gets in between you and the message.
And perhaps most importantly, provide a solution to your chosen barrier.
COM125 Effective Speaking
Module 2 Discussion
DQ1 Call a Radio Station
Chapter 4 of our text is about overcoming the fear of public speaking. You know, the best way to overcome the fear of something is to DO it, over and over again. Here’s what the text suggests:
Put your fear into perspective
Identify specific fears (to better understand them)
Consider the origin of your fears
Prepare and practice
Use relaxation techniques
Use positive self-suggestion
Reconceptualize the role of the audience
As an exercise in overcoming fear by doing, each of you is going to call in to a talk radio station (Pretend). You are going to assume the role of one of the regular callers to the station; either liberal or conservative. This way, it won’t be YOU calling in, you’ll be playing a role. You may have to do a little research if you’re not really politically active, to find out what these people believe. Try to engage the host with something he/she wants to talk about. If you do it right the host will do most of the talking!
Don’t tell the person who answers the phone that you’re calling for a class. This is where the roleplay comes in, you are now a talk show listener who’s calling to express your opinion.
You can don’t have to call WILK, you can (Pretend) to call any talk radio station you want. I only suggest WILK because you won’t have to wait on hold very long; most of the other talk stations are nationally syndicated so the wait time is 1-2 hours just to get on the air for 20 seconds with Rush Limbaugh or any of the others. There are other radio stations that are nearby: WPHT (1210am) in Philly, WOR (710am) in New York, WABC (770am) in New York, and NJ 101.5FM in New Jersey. You can stream all of them online.
You’ll need to record your call. You can do this with your smartphone (on an iPhone it’s called “voice memo”) or just use a cheesy cassette recorder (if you can find one)! Make SURE you can successfully record before you call the radio station!( Pretend)
You’ll have to upload the audio of your call to the discussion area so we can ALL hear it and discuss it, at least as it relates to fear of public speaking.
Again: please note that this is all pretend calling a radio station. You only need to upload the audio of you answering a question or calling to comment on a matter.
DQ2 Audience Analysis
Pretend you’re in a crowd (say, at the mall, in downtown Scranton, or at a concert or sporting event) take a good look at your fellow humans (or remember back all those years ago when we could DO that sort of thing!). Do an audience analysis on them. What is their most common demographic? Demographics being age, race, gender, socioeconomic status, etc. What values do you think they have? Do they line up with your values? Write a specific, detailed report about the kind of audience demographics you witnessed. Include numbers. And don’t use “my coworkers,” “the other people in class,” or “church.”
Then explain precisely how you would construct a “Grabber” for a speech on the Benefits of Exercise that would relate to that exact audience. Remember to appeal to the entire audience. What appeals would you use? How would you motivate or grab them and get them to listen in the first place? Be specific and tell us how these appeals would affect your audience. Remember the “grabber” is the very first thing you say.
COM125 Effective Speaking
Module 3 Discussion
DQ1 Your text talks about how to select a topic that’s right for you in Chapter 10. They talk about your experience, the audience, and “a timely and timeless topic.”
Just how do you go about selecting a topic? For the first two speeches, the topic is selected for you. After that it’s all up to you. What do you think the most important things are to consider when selecting a topic?
Here’s my example: When I was working at New Jersey 101.5, we had to pick a different topic to talk about for every hour we were on. It had to be something that was “top-of-mind” for the listeners, and also be “Jersey-centric.” This was really difficult at times, and sometimes I would find myself checking every single newspaper in the state for a decent topic! Luckily it was not a real political station, and you could get away with “What was your favorite toy as a kid,” and meaningless topics like that. However I did find that people were quite passionate about those lame topics! Anyway we often ended up talking about stuff I liked, like gardening, or music, or sci-fi. I also had a few “evergreens” that I would resort to if all else failed, like “elderly drivers should be tested yearly.” In fact anything about driving, or the roads, was always a home run because most of our listeners spent a whole lot of time in the car!
DQ2 Motivational Appeals
Watch two separate commercials for two different products. (Example: department store, candy, car…embed a video or post a youtube or other kind of link so we can watch them). In each one, identify the audience motivations that the advertising are appealing to. The handout on Chapter 24, Motivational Appeals, will be immensely helpful.
Explain what in the commercial led you to these conclusions. This will be easier if the commercials you watch are locally produced, since they will be much less nuanced and more heavy handed with their appeals.
COM125 Effective Speaking
Module 4 Discussion
DQ1 Body Language
In Chapters 6 in your book, you’ll find a list of different kinds of body language, depending on which part of the body you’re using.
Write about one of your favorite body language expressions, how you use it, and why you use it. An example would be a teacher who’s always putting one finger in the air to make a point (while in reality the “finger in the air” usually means “wait”).
Don’t use the same expression of body language as your fellow students. If someone has already discussed your favorite, think up another one.
DQ2 Movies!
Now that we’re studying Drama, and how powerful it can be, we’re going to take it to its logical conclusion. There are movies that have changed the world. Not the film industry (and there’s plenty of those too) but the actual world we live in.
Movies start out as entertainment, and an escape, but a good story can have a huge impact, along with the acting in it. Movies can bring social injustice to light, change laws, instigate laws, and even change the course of history.
Give an example of a Movie That Changed the World, and how it accomplished it. My example is Gone With The Wind, which showed a close up, nostalgic picture of slavery in the South and how the resulting Civil War brought it down. On a sweeping, broad canvas, the fall of the South and the horrors of war were life-sized. Plus, the heroine was a selfish B-word. And don’t forget how horrified moviegoers were to hear the word “damn” actually spoken aloud on the screen!
Be specific about what you think allowed your film actually to affect society, and produce change. Real change, not just change to the film industry, or how movies are made.
Here’s a trailer for GWTW.
Gone with the Wind Official Trailer 1939 Oscar Best Picture (Links to an external site.)
Gone with the Wind Official Trailer 1939 Oscar Best Picture
COM125 Effective Speaking
Module 5 Discussion
DQ1 Research Strategy Worksheet
Here’s a “Research Strategy Worksheet” from another text that I find invaluable for directing your research, especially since the Informative speech is next week. Just click on the file to download it.
Fill it out (or just answer each line) with research for your Informative speech topic. Especially the “local applications” and “current information resources.” Then post the filled in version here! Feel free to justify your sources, or explain how you came up with them.
A lot of people don’t know what to put for”local applications and current information,” and it’s easy: what are the local applications of your topic? For instance, if I was doing an informative speech on How Great Gardening Is, I would tell you about community gardens in South Abington (it’s huge, it’s onWeek 307, check it out) and Scranton. The “current information” is just news stories that are current, about your topic. (remember “timely” topics?) For Gardening I would probably talk about all the CSA farms (Community Supported Agriculture, local farms where you can get fresh, organic local produce every week all summer long) and how popular they are becoming, especially in urban areas.
This kind of requires that you DO plenty of research on your topic. My suggestion is to use the Seeley library resources. You will find plenty of scholarly peer-reviewed academic journal articles there. Do I need to tell you this is the best and most credible kind of research? Of course I don’t!
DQ2 Synthesis of Research
Based on the topic for your informative speech, look up ONE academic peer-reviewed scientific journal article that specifically references your topic. Then find ONE article that specifically references your topic in a non-scholarly source, for instance a paper like the New York Post or USA Today.
How do the sources differ, and how are they the same? Tell us a little about what each source could bring to your speech.
Then we’ll apply an educational tactic known as “synthesis.” (“Build a structure or pattern from diverse elements. Put parts together to form a whole, with emphasis on creating a new meaning or structure”) You’ll combine the two very different sources to make a point in your informative speech.
COM125 Effective Speaking
Module 6 Discussion
DQ1 Informative Strategies
Explain to us something about your major that isn’t common knowledge. If you don’t yet HAVE a major, just pick a line of work you are interested in, or have done before. As your text says, you’re going to effectively create a mental picture in your audience’s mind that will aid your listeners’ understanding. Use the informative strategies from Chapter 21 in your text to walk us through the explanation. Make sure you tell us which informative strategies you’re using, by “bolding” each one. Here’s a list:
Avoid information overload
Organizing framework
Simple to complex
Familiar to unfamiliar
Organizers:
Signposts
Enumeration
Acronyms
Slogans, catchwords, memorable phrases
Emphasis cues
Examples
Analogies
Multiple channels
Repetition
Here’s an example I got from a PTA (Physical Therapist Assistant) major, and one thing that I don’t think is common knowledge is that PT’s can actually treat vertigo.
She explained that BPPV is considered a common form of vertigo and that they get a patient to treat with it every now and then. BPPV is the acronym for Benign Paroxysmal Position Vertigo. She used the example of when you feel dizzy, like the world around you is spinning uncontrollably. She also said you can sometimes get sick from it. She then used an analogy of a snow globe, and how when you shake it up everything inside spins. She compared the snow globe to how a person suffering from vertigo might feel when their symptoms are at their peak.
She used simple to complex to explain that the inner ear is what keeps your balance, and that there is a sort of “goo” in there that contains crystals that help keep your balance. Sometimes they become dislodged (by head movements or sitting in one position for a long time), causing imbalance. She used familiar to unfamiliar to explain how putting the patient in certain positions can restore the crystals to where they belong. And I guess you could say multiple channels would be showing us a YouTube video on how BPPV works, after explaining it to us.
DQ2 Credibility (Ethos)
Name a public figure who who you believe is dynamic, but whose image suffers due to lack of competence, goodwill, and integrity. Give supporting examples, in other words, action this person has taken to make you believe he/she lacks goodwill, integrity or competence.
Then name a public figure who you believe is competent, or has great integrity, but whose image suffers due to lack of dynamism. Again, you’ll need to give examples.
My answer to these questions: Donald Trump, who is extremely dynamic, and energetic, and says whatever comes into his head. His integrity is lacking, he has proved this many times, by mocking a disabled reporter, and further back when he said that his daughter Ivanka is so hot, if she wasn’t his daughter he’d be dating her.
My “competent” example is Ralph Nader. You may not know who he is, he used to run for President all the time as an independent and was very critical of both political parties. He never caught on, despite the fact that everything he said was true. He just didn’t have the dynamism, and charisma, to attract the American people. He’s credited with handing the 2000 election to George W. Bush, since it is presumed many votes that would have gone to Democrat Al Gore went to Nader instead.
So: A public figure who HAS dynamism but not competence, integrity, or goodwill
Then: A public figure who HAS competence, integrity, or goodwill, but lacks dynamism.
COM125 Effective Speaking
Module 2 Assignment
Speech of Celebration
In this speech, you will be introducing yourself to us (via video) to the rest of the class. You will present this speech celebrating all your accomplishments. It’s a ceremonial speech. Pretend that you have just won an award or election you can decide this.
The job of an introduction speech is to:
introduce yourself
create a welcoming, attentive ready-and-motivated-to-listen anticipation in the audience
focus and unite the audience, ready them for what is to come.
Below are some things you will need to include in your speech. Choose 4 of the following 7:
Current academic/career goals – explain or elaborate in a few sentences
Favorite activity or hobby – explain or elaborate in a few sentences, make it interesting
Person who most inspires you- explain or elaborate in a few sentences, including why
Members of immediate family – explain or elaborate in a few sentences, perhaps how the personality of the family formed the person
One interesting thing about you – explain or elaborate in a few sentences
One interesting thing about your hometown – explain or elaborate in a few sentences
The principle or credo (beliefs) they live by – explain or elaborate in a few sentences, maybe why they are being honored
Introduce yourself and the highlights from your life. Remember, the goal of every speech is to improve the lives of the audience. What’s in it for them?
Organize the information into some kind of logical pattern that will make it easy for the audience to follow. Chronological, or otherwise. The pattern of the speech needs to be very clear. This can be accomplished by using signposts, or linking devices that cue the audience in to what is coming next. For example, “Leo originally majored in Nuclear Physics at Stanford, and you may wonder why he’s not a physicist now. Leo later decided radio was what he really wanted to do with his life. And that’s why he’s poor and unemployed today!”
This speech will run from 2-3 minutes. PLEASE keep an eye on the time, and do not run less than 2 minutes or more than 3 minutes. This is an important part of your grade.
You’ll be graded on whether or not you used 4 of the 7 points above. You’ll also be graded on delivery (including but not limited to eye contact), energy, poise, creativity, staying within the time frame, and organization.
COM125 Effective Speaking
Module 3 Assignment
Demonstrative Speech
You’re going to show us and tell us how to do something. It should be something you already know how to do, or know a lot about. Think of your own interests. Make sure it is something your audience can relate to. If you are REALLY interested in it, and communicate that fascination to us, we will be too.
Think hard about how this relates to your audience. A bunch of 50 year old women from Northeast Pennsylvania would be FASCINATED by a demonstration of how to make pierogis. You guys, not so much. Well, maybe if we could eat ’em after.
I want lots of stuff, things, supporting materials. Draw on the board. Show us a car engine. Bells and whistles, really. But not for bells & whistles sake. It has to EDUCATE, somehow.
It will probably be easier for you if you demonstrate something you recently learned, as opposed to something you’ve known how to do all your life. If you’re relatively new to it, you’ll have a better understanding of what you should say to us to get us to understand. That said, make sure you KNOW YOUR TOPIC and know how to do it.
And remember too, you’re going to have to be persuasive to the extent that you have to communicate your interest in the topic with us. Tell us why our lives would be better if we learn how to do this thing. Tell us at the beginning of the speech…. this is when you create the need in us. This is pretty important and if you forget to do it, POINTS OFF!!!!
Allowing for time for you to show us how to do stuff, the speech length will be 4-7 minutes.
The outline will be quite rigid this time. Only 2 or 3 words maximum for each heading and subheading. No lengthy sentences.
The purpose of this demonstration speech is to provide interesting, useful, and unique information to your audience, toward the betterment of their lives, and to have them actually retain some of it.
COM125 Effective Speaking
Module 4 Assignment
Dramatic Presentation
You’re going to give a 2 -5 minute dramatic presentation. This can be in the form of a scene from a play or movie, poetry or any other verbal kind of drama. It will be an opportunity to familiarize yourself with the techniques of the dramatic arts. And believe me, drama plays a large part in effective oral communication.
You’re going to memorize your presentation. This will be the only time you have to memorize the whole entire thing, but it’ll be good practice. Yes, you can have your lines printed up and visible off camera somewhere, but you may NOT read your presentation. It has to at least look like you memorized it.
You will be allowed to have another person in your presentation, if you so desire. But YOUR part should be at least 2 minutes.
Try to avoid curse words or too much graphic content. This is only because you need to develop your skills in other areas, not shock value.
You can dress up if you want to, and use simple props. This is optional but if it helps you, you might as well use it. Important here will be voice modulation, tones, pitch, body movements and gestures, especially facial expressions. This is one assignment where most of you will not even be able to reach “over the top”.
You may be asking, how can I “be myself” in a dramatic presentation when I’m supposed to be somebody else? Glad you asked. One of the basic principles of acting is, develop the emotion you are supposed to be expressing so that it appears on your face, in your body movements. This will resonate with the audience because they’ll know the emotion is real. It’s called method acting and is just a way of really putting yourself into the role. This is going to teach you how to express the emotions you already have about your future speech topics.
I would like this presentation to have some kind of Point. Moral. Focus. I’m open to anything, but please make it clear to the audience what direction you want us to be going.
Check out the rubric below. It’s ALL voice and body language-oriented. Vocal changes, pitch (high/low), volume (loud/soft), and rate (fast/slow). Gestures, facial expressions. THIS is what you’ll be graded on here.
COM125 Effective Speaking
Module 5 Assignment
Self Critique Paper
You’re going to watch all your speeches, from the Ice Breaker right up to the Dramatic, from beginning to end.
Then you’re going to write me a two paged (double spaced, 12 point font) paper (at least…longer’s OK) listing how you delivered your speeches in the beginning of the semester, specifically how you have improved through the semester, and where you stand now, on the cusp of your final two speeches.
Please give me specific examples, and go into painfully lengthy detail about your strengths and weaknesses. This has to be original…in fact if you think there’s something awesome about the way you speechify and you think I haven’t noticed, do bring it to my attention.
COM125 Effective Speaking
Module 6 Assignment
Informative Voiceover PowerPoint
When merely presenting information, you may or may not have an agenda. But you ARE trying to make the audience aware of something. You ARE promoting something…understanding. You ARE creating a need…to know. So it’s still advertising, just a milder form.
You’ve already demonstrated something to us. This was promotion…you promoted how cool it is to make taco dip, or mac-cheese, or save lives.
Informational speeches can show, clarify, and (believe it or not) inform.
They need to be organized. Here are some ways to do that:
Cause and effect
Chronologically
Numerically
Problem/Solution
Spatial
Topical (subject)
GIVING AN INFORMATIONAL SPEECH
Explain something the audience is unfamiliar with and will find interesting. What’s in it for them? What reward will they get if they listed to you?
Excite the audience with an attention getter (question, story, strong statement, etc)
Identify your central theme
Concentrate on why the audience may be interested in what you are saying.
Give information and support it with examples.
Summarize your messages because if they’re too long you’ll lose your audience.
Research so you sound credible. CITE YOUR SOURCES, ex. “Dr. Ahman Farsi the chair of the environmental science department of the University of Delaware, says litter is bad”.
Be familiar with your speech outline and how to use your visual aids so you sound and look poised. This would be solved by PRACTICING.
Refer to the beginning of your speech and the important points made during your closing.
Rules for the speech
This speech will be an “Informative Voiceover Powerpoint.” You’ll make a powerpoint about your speech, and all your points. Then you’ll RECORD your voice into the powerpoint. Here’s a video on how to do that: https://support.office.com/en-us/article/record-a-slide-show-with-narration-and-slide-timings-0b9502c6-5f6c-40ae-b1e7-e47d8741161c (Links to an external site.)
Speech runs 5-7 minutes. Timing is pretty important here!
Keep it interesting!!!
Cite all sources. Make sure you turn in your bibliography at the end of the PowerPoint. I want most of them to be peer reviewed academic journals, or at least publications on the subject.
Speeches are due Sunday at 11:59pm
This will be a BIG file so instead of attempting YouTube or just uploading it to the discussion thread, it will be easier to submit it to Google Drive. We all have an account there, so if you just click on “Share” once it’s uploaded, they’ll give you a URL that you can post in the discussion thread.
COM125 Effective Speaking
Module 7 Assignment
Persuasive Speech
You’re going to give a persuasive speech. It will be between 5-10 minutes long. This assignment will also be in the form of PowerPoint with audio.
What have we done this semester? What have we learned? What am I expecting from you? Here’s a list:
Attention grabber in the beginning
A compelling reason to listen
A well-organized speech
Credible sources of any and all types. The more you have, and the more diverse they are, the better
Interesting yet not distracting graphics or videos
Don’t go over or under time.
Make me want to do whatever you’re asking me to do…Close: don’t just quit. Make sure I know EXACTLY what you want me to do and give me EXACT instructions on how to do it. (Remember it is a persuasive speech).
The only topics off limits are the death penalty and abortion.
You will be required to submit a bibliography, it can go at the end of your PowerPoint.
This is where it all comes together baby!
COM125 Effective Speaking
Module 2 Quiz
Question 1Mariah has a habit of spitting when she speaks. She’s unaware of it. This is an example of:
unconscious incompetence
conscious incompetence
unconscious competence
conscious competence
Question 2Cognitive restructuring is defined as:
Pretending you’re somewhere else, doing something else
Identifying unrealistic or irrational statements and replacing them with positive ones
Remembering everything you’ve written down that day
Structured, short-term, present-oriented psychotherapy
Question 3Ethics come from:
Attitudes
Ideas
Values
Genetics
Question 4When speaking about Ethos, what do we mean by Competence?
informed
intelligent
prepared
knowing what you are talking about
Question 5When speaking about Ethos, what do we mean by Integrity?
honest
trustworthy
reliable
dependable
ethical
COM125 Effective Speaking
Module 4 Quiz
Question 1Write all the ways which you can change your vocal delivery.
Question 2Match the figurative language or form of body language to its definition.
Personification
Simile
Chronemics
Hyperbole
Alliteration
Thesis Statement
Filler
Proxemics
Slang
Locomotion
Question 3When delivering a memorized speech the speaker should memorize the structure of the speech before memorizing the speech word for word.
True
False
Question 4Saying “uh,” “um,” and “err” during your speech is more effective than silently pausing.
True
False
Question 5What you are wearing is also a form of nonverbal communication.
True
False
COM125 Effective Speaking
Module 5 Quiz
Question 1Research your topic so that you progress from the specific to the general.
True
False
Question 2You have to make sure examples are relevant to your topic and your speech.
True
False
Question 3Web-based supporting materials should be scrutinized and subjected to tests of credibility and reliability
True
False
Question 4You should never present hypothetical examples as if they were fact
True
False
Question 5“Studies have shown…” is a perfectly fine credible source to use in your speech
True
False
COM125 Effective Speaking
Module 6 Quiz
Question 1When using presentation aids (like a powerpoint) you can use any combination of colors you like.
True
False
Question 2Presenting a balanced view of pros and cons can add to your image of integrity.
True
False
Question 3What will happen if you deliver your speech to your presentation aid instead of maintaining eye contact with your audience?
Question 4When informing an audience, where should the focus point of your information be?
Just BELOW their current information level
Just ABOVE their current information level
Right AT their current information level
Completely outside their current information level
Question 5Say you’re doing a presentation on recycling, and you want to compare how much recycling is done in different townships in Northeastern Pennsylvania. Which form of visual representation works best?
Bar graph
Pie chart
Line graph
Flow chart
COM125 Effective Speaking
Final Exam
Question 1Remember that “communication” model from Chapter 1? Of COURSE you do!
Correctly label each component of the communication model.
(Hint: one of my students once guessed that “e” was “puddle on floor.” It is NOT, it is a blue arrow pointing back at tiny-head guy)
a.sender
, b.encoding
, c.message
, d. decoding
, e.receiver
communication model without words for test.png
Question 2Jerry has recently learned to ride a bike, but he still falls off about every other day. This is an example of:
Unconscious incompetence
Conscious incompetence
Conscious competence
Unconscious competence
Question 3 “Roman Catholic” or “Baptist” is an example of which of the following demographic:
Gender
Group affiliation
Race
Generational culture
Question 4Why is it important, if you’re going to pass something out during a speech, to do it last?
Question 5Ethics come from:
Attitudes
Ideas
Values
Genetics
Question 6To use appropriate language in a speech, the speaker must:
Achieve a level of formality appropriate to the context
Avoid jargon, slang and profanity
Avoid biased, derogatory, or stereotypical comments
All of the above
A and B only
Question 7When Julie argues that we should not listen to Jerome’s ideas for immigration reform because, “He’s just a right-wing idiot!” she is probably guilty of what persuasive fallacy?
Circular reasoning
Slippery slope
Ad hominem
Hasty generalization
Question 8What are the three things that belong in every introduction to every speech?
a.introduction
b.body
c.conlcusion
Question 9If you have a distracting vocal mannerism, a good way to get rid of it is to:
Clear your throat repeatedly
Speak through clenched teeth
Grip or lean on the podium
Practice behavior modification
Question 10_____ refers to the messages listeners send back to a speaker while he or she is speaking.
Interference
Backtalk
Feedback
Alliteration
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