create a 1-2 page written summary of how all 3 macronutrients are digested and absorbed, including a discussion of the events in each compartment of the GI tract. ?Include the names o

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Carbohydrate Flowchart

By (Name)

Course

Date

Reference

Ji, H., Hu, J., Zuo, S., Zhang, S., Li, M., & Nie, S. (2022). In vitro gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation models and their applications in food carbohydrates.  Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,  62(19), 5349-5371.

Mouth

Mechanical digestion entails the use of swallowind and chewing. The salivary glands are triggered into action by chewing, resulting in the production of saliva. Carbohydrates and fats are digested chemically.

Stomach

Propulsion and mixing at the peristaltic level constitute mechanical digestion. Acids are used for chemical digestion of lips, salivary amylase and proteins. Absorption of drugs like alcohol and aspirin that dissolve in fat. The stomach does not break down carbohydrates.

Pancrease

The small intestine is the site of secretion of pacreatic amylase. Enzymes are produced in the pancreas. The starch, lipids and  carbohydrates,  are all metabolized by these enzymes. The hormones produced by the pancreas aid the digestive system. In the same way as salivary amylase breaks down starch into tiny oligosaccharides and maltose, so does pancreatic amylase, which is secreted from the pancreas into the small intestine.

Small Intestines

Large Intestines

Those remnants of starch are converted to maltose by amalyse in the pancreas. The mixing and propulsion steps of mechanical digestion. Enzymes (lactase, sucrase, and maltase) break down disaccharides (maltose, sucrose, and lactose) into monosaccharides, a step in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid and polypeptides (glucose, fructose and galactose). The small intestine is responsible for the absorption of all monosaccharides.

Some carbohydrates are not broken down by the digestive process and make it into the large intestine, where they are fermented by bacteria. Segmental mixing and propulsion are mechanical components of digestion. Absorption of water, vitamis, ions, organic compounds and minerals.

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FLOW CHART

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Flow Chart: Digestive Process

Students Name

Institution Affiliation

Course

Date

Flow chart Diagram

Pancrease

in the stomach

In the Mouth

a b

c

Large intestines

Small intestines

d

Organs	Functions
a. In the Mouth	The mouth is where the process of digesting carbohydrates begins. The salivary glands in the mouth are responsible for the production of saliva, which helps to keep food from drying out during digestion (Mackie 2019). When food is chewed, salivary glands create the enzyme salivary amylase, which kickstarts the process of breaking down the complex sugars found in a diet high in carbohydrates.
b. Stomach	After the carbohydrate-containing food has been cut up into smaller pieces and mixed with salivary amylase and other salivary secretions, consumption and passage down the esophagus take place. It is at this time that the mixture is given the label chyme as it enters the stomach. Chrysanthemum cannot be further digested because the stomach creates acid. This is because the acid destroys the germs on the food and prevents salivary amylase from functioning.
c. Pancrease and small intestines	After passing through the stomach, the chyme enters the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine. The pancreas releases the enzyme pancreatic amylase in reaction to the presence of chyme in the duodenum, which breaks the polysaccharide down into a disaccharide, a chain of only two sugars connected together. The small intestine subsequently produces the enzymes lactase, sucrase, and maltase to break down the disaccharides into monosaccharides. Sugars that are absorbed in the small intestine are known as monosaccharides.
d. Large intestines (colon)	To some extent, colonic bacteria help break down carbohydrates that were not fully digested and absorbed in the small intestine (Butler et al 2019). Fiber is not absorbed the same way that sugars and starches are, so it is either eliminated from the body or partially broken down by bacteria in the digestive track.

References

Mackie, A. (2019). The digestive tract: A complex system. In  Interdisciplinary approaches to food digestion (pp. 11-27). Springer, Cham.

Butler, J., Hens, B., Vertzoni, M., Brouwers, J., Berben, P., Dressman, J., … & Augustijns, P. (2019). In vitro models for the prediction of in vivo performance of oral dosage forms: recent progress from partnership through the IMI OrBiTo collaboration.  European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics,  136, 70-83.

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PROTEIN FLOW CHART

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Flow Chart: Protein Digestive Process

Students Name

Institution Affiliation

Course

Date

Digestion of Protein

Track	Carbohydrates	Fats	Proteins
Mouth	When you put food in your mouth, saliva begins to secrete from your salivary glands. Armylase, which is contained in saliva, begins the digestion of CBH and continues until the bolus reaches the stomach. The bolus is subsequently driven into the esophagus by the swallowing process known as digestion.	When fats enter your mouth, they are not yet broken down. They remain basically unchanged until they reach this point.	Proteins, for example, have not yet begun. The digestion process in the mouth is still ongoing.
Stomach		Fat digestion in the stomach is minimal (McClements 2021). However, the enzyme gastric lipase begins to degrade the lipid. Gastric juice is secreted from the stomach, forming a liquid known as chyme.	In the stomach, hydrochloric acid kills bacteria and pathogens. HCl denatures pepsin, which begins the digesting process by converting lipids and proteins into liquid from the gastric jusice inside the stomach. Proteins, like currency, enter the small intestine. The capillaries in the villi absorb them directly into the bloodstream.
Small Intestines	Once entering the small intestines, the muscular membrane allows for better nutrition absorption. Capillaries located along the folds absorb carbs directly into the bloodstream.	When fats enter the small intestine, unlike carbohydrates and proteins, small lymph channels called villi are present. The lacted collects fat nutrients and converts them into lymph.
Large intestines	The final stage of digestion happens in the colon of the large intestine due to the activity and bacteria that live there (Mackie 2021). The lumen mucus is generated by the large intestine's glands, but no digesting enzymes are secreted. Bacteria ferment the residual carbohydrate in the colon chyme, producing gases such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane. These gases contribute to flatus (gas) in the colon, which is referred to as flatulence. when it becomes extreme The scent is caused primarily by sulfides such as hydrogen sulphide. Bacteria also convert any residual proteins to amino acids and degrade the amino acids into simple compounds.

References

Mackie, A. (2021). Physiological Aspects of Lipid Digestion: Luminal and Mucosal Events. In  Bioaccessibility and digestibility of lipids from food (pp. 89-99). Springer, Cham.

McClements, D. J. (2021). Lipid Digestion as a Colloid and Interface Phenomena. In  Bioaccessibility and digestibility of lipids from food (pp. 29-45). Springer, Cham.

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