In your own words, explain the difference between validity and soundness.
Question 1 In your own words, explain the difference between validity and soundness.
Question 2 In your own words, construct a syllogism showing that John has parents.
Question 3 In your own words, explain the difference between ethical reasoning that is the deontological and ethical reason that is consequentialist.
Question 4. What are the three requirements of cogent reasoning?
Question 5 What is the difference between a descriptive premise and a prescriptive premise?
Question 6 Identify the following argument form: If P, then Q. P, therefore Q.
Modus ponens
Modus tollens
Constructive dilemma
Hypothetical syllogism
Disjunction
Question 7Beliefs that are the most ingrained and most resistant to amendment of all of our background beliefs comprise our:
Worldview
Conclusion
Opinion
Human nature
Religion
Question 8Choose the best answer that applies: Words such as “because,” “since,” “for,” “hence,” “therefore” and “so” are examples of:
Logical indicators
Premises
Conclusions
Arguments
Fallacies
Question 9The view that morality is independent of human opinion is known as:
Moral objectivism
Moral relativism
Moral emotivism
Moral nihilism
Moral error theory
Question 10“Flying on airplanes is probably safe because your chance of dying is lower than dying in a car accident” is an example of what kind of argument?
Propositional
Deductive
Analogical
Categorical
Inductive
Question 11What distinguishes moral arguments from descriptive arguments?
Moral arguments are descriptive
Moral arguments are prescriptive
Moral arguments are based on opinion
Moral arguments are syllogistic
There is no difference
Question 12What kind of argument works by assuming the opposite of what we want to prove in order to show its counterintuitive implications?
Disjunctive syllogism
Modus tollens
Tautology
Affirming the consequent
Reductio ad absurdum
Question 13A statement that is necessarily false (i.e. it must be false) is known as a:
Contradiction
Tautology
Contingent
Valid argument
Sample
Question 14An argument containing three categorical propositions is known as a:
Categorical argument
Syllogism
Thesis
Reductio ad absurdum
Analogical argument
Question 15Identify the following kind of reasoning: “All X’s observed are Y’s. So, all X’s whatsoever are Y’s.”
Concatenated reasoning
Contraposition
Enumerative induction
Statistical induction
Causal reasoning
Question 16Jack explains to John that it is wrong to lie because it violates the obligation to tell the truth. What kind of reasoning is Jack engaging in?
Propositional
Inductive
Deductive
Consequentialist
Deontological
Question 17Jack explains to John that it is wrong to lie because he will get caught and lose his job. What kind of reasoning is Jack engaging in?
Deductive
Inductive
Propositional
Consequentialist
Deontological
Question 18Reasoning that is in error is known as
Warranted
Fallacious
Valid
Cogent
Propositional
Question 19Beliefs concerning the nature of human nature and the reliability of information sources are two kinds of:
Categorical beliefs
Moral beliefs
Background beliefs
Opinions
Facts
Question 20Reasoning that is based off similarities between like cases is known as:
Analogical reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Categorical reasoning
Syllogistic reasoning
Fallacious reasoning
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