Tool Kit: All trades have a basic set of tools with which to accomplish their core tasks. As a competent, and aspiring professional, there is an expectation that you have a core set

Practically Speaking by J. Dan Rothwell

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Chapter 5 Using Supporting Materials Effectively

• Identifying Types of Supporting Materials

• Competent Use of Examples

• Competent Use of Statistics

• Competent Use of Testimony

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Chapter 5 Learning Objectives

• 5.1 Strategically use examples to improve understanding and to support points in a given speech.

• 5.2 Accurately select statistics when appropriate to support content in a given speech.

• 5.3 Identify how competently using principle types of testimony can support claims in a given speech.

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What are Supporting Materials?

Supporting materials are the examples, statistics, and

testimony used to bolster a speaker’s assertions

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Four Goals of Supporting Materials

1. To Clarify Points

2. To Support Claims

3. To Gain Interest

4. To Create Impact

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Using Examples Competently

Four Types of Examples: Hypothetical

Real Brief

Extended

Examples are specific instances of a general category of objects, ideas, people, places,

actions, experiences, or phenomena

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Hypothetical Examples: It Could Happen

• Used to describe an imaginary situation to illustrate an idea or make a point

• Hypothetical examples should be consistent with known facts to be believable

• Zombie Apocalypse—OK, “could happen” is silly, but you get the picture!

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Real Examples: It Did Happen

• Real examples have immediacy and genuineness • Hypothetical examples can lack this

• Can have profound impact and increase credibility

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Brief Examples: Short and to the Point

• Brief examples help mitigate short attention spans and information overload

• Works well to maintain audience interest

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Extended Examples: Telling a Story

• Some examples require telling a detailed story for full impact

• Ensure your story fits within time constraints

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Using Examples Effectively: Choose Carefully

• Use relevant examples: Stay on point

• Choose vivid examples: Create images

• Use representative examples: Reflect what is

accurate

• Be mindful of the vividness effect

• Stack examples when one is not enough

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Using Statistics Competently • Statistics are measures of what is true or factual

expressed in numbers

• A well-chosen statistic can:

• Support claims

• Show trends

• Correct false assumptions

• Validate hypotheses

• Contradict myths

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Choose Statistics for Effect • Use accurate statistics accurately

• Don’t distort information

• Make statistics concrete and meaningful

• Make statistical comparisons to gain perspective

• Use credible sources

• Objectivity and accuracy are essential

• Stack statistics to create an impact

• Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends and analysis

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Use Accurate Statistics Accurately

Minimum Wage for U.S. workers:

1969: $1.60

2019: $7.25

Minimum Wage Adjusted for Inflation:

1969: $10.95

2019: $7.25

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

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Make Statistics Concrete

Question: How hot is Venus (the hottest planet in our solar system)?

Answer: 864 degrees Fahrenheit (average)

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Make Statistics Concrete (cont.)

According to Astrophysicist Neil DeGrasse Tyson, Venus is hot enough to bake a pizza in 3 seconds.

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Make Statistical Comparisons

Pay Gap between CEOs and Average U.S. Worker

1980: CEOs made 42 times more $$$

2017: CEOs made 361 times more $$$

Source: Quinnell, K. (2018, May 22). Retrieved from:

https://aflcio.org/2018/5/22/executive-paywatch-2018-gap-between-ceo-and-worker-compensation-continues-gro w

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Use Credible Sources for All Statistics

• Internet websites are not necessarily credible sources for statistics.

• Blogging sites almost always have a biased point of view.

• “Studies show” and “research indicates” are not credible source citations for statistics.

• All statistics, except the most common (e.g., 50 states in the U.S.) require a credible source.

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Stack Statistics for Impact

When one statistic simply won’t do:

The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that persons with a high school degree have a median weekly income of $730. By comparison, persons with an Associate’s degree make $862, workers with a Bachelor’s degree make $1,198, those with a Master’s degree take in $1,434 a week, and individuals with a doctorate earn $1,825 a week.

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2019

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Use Visual Aids to Clarify Statistical Trends and Analysis

A simple graph can make overwhelming numbers more comprehensible

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Using Testimony Competently

Types of Testimony:

• Testimony of Experts

• Eyewitness Testimony

• Testimony of Non-Experts

A testimony is a firsthand account of events or the conclusions offered publicly by experts on a topic.

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How to Use Testimony Effectively

• Quote or paraphrase accurately • Do not shorten quotes to take on a different

meaning • Do not delete important qualifiers from

statements

• Use qualified sources • Testimony from non-experts and eyewitnesses

can be highly unreliable

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General Consideration Across Types of Supporting Materials

• Choose interesting supporting materials • Cite sources completely and unambiguously • Source citations should include (at minimum):

1. Source name 2. Qualifications of the source (if not obvious) 3. Outlet where evidence can be found 4. Date of the publication

• Abbreviate repetitive source citations • Combine examples, statistics, and quotes

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Review of Chapter 5 Learning Objectives

• 5.1 Strategically use examples to improve understanding and to support points in a given speech.

• 5.2 Accurately select statistics when appropriate to support content in a given speech.

• 5.3 Identify how competently using principle types of testimony can support claims in a given speech.

Practically Speaking by J. Dan Rothwell

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Chapter 4 Gathering Material

• Using the Internet for Finding Quality Research

• Evaluating Internet Research and Information

• Using Libraries Effectively

• Conducting Interviews to Generate your own

Relevant Information

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Chapter 4 Learning Objectives

• 4.1 Properly use online research to select credible sources for a given speech.

• 4.2 Effectively distinguish which library resources can help a speaker locate credible sources for a given speech.

• 4.3 Identify how effectively planning and conducting interviews can add expert citations for a given speech.

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Gathering Material

College Libraries Virtual Libraries

WikipediaBlogging Sites

Newspapers

Periodicals Books

Interviews

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The Internet: Online Research

• Search Engines (e.g. Google, Bing, Yahoo)

• Virtual Libraries (e.g. Universal Digital Library)

• Government Sites (e.g. U.S. Census Bureau)

• Survey Sites (e.g. Pew Research Center)

• Wikipedia

• News and Blogging Sites

• Famous Quotation Sites (e.g. Brainyquote)

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INTERNET SEARCH TIPS

1. Use nouns, not articles, pronouns, conjunctions, or prepositions

2. Use no more than 6 to 8 keywords

3. Combine keywords into phrases using quotation marks (e.g. “solar energy”)

4. Spell carefully

5. Avoid redundant terms

6. After accessing 20-30 sites, try a different keyword search

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Evaluating Internet Information

Four steps to evaluating information online:

1. Consider the source

2. Consider source bias

3. Determine document currency

4. Use fact-checking sites

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Evaluating Internet Information: Consider the Source

“Not because of sound science, but because of its absence, marijuana was classified as a schedule 1 substance.” Dr. Sanjay Gupta, August 8, 2013 CNN Health

The CNN biography provides credible source information about Sanjay Gupta.

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Evaluating Internet Information: Consider Source Bias

Are These Biased Sources?

• Vitacost

• Health Central

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

• National Center for Complementary & Integrative Health

• Earth Clinic

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Evaluating Internet Information: Evaluating Document Currency

Even a day may affect the currency of information

• “Pluto will remain our ninth planet.” August 24, 2006

• “[A]stronomers voted for…demoting Pluto down to a new classification…” August 25, 2006

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Evaluating Internet Information: Fact Checking

• The validity of claims can be checked for accuracy at a number of sites

• Examples of Fact Checking Politicians: – Donald Trump’s May 22, 2019 Fox News interview

fact checked

– Joe Biden fact checked – Nancy Pelosi fact checked – Presidential candidates, 2007-2016, fact checked

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Evaluating Internet Information

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Evaluating Internet Information (cont.)

Let’s ask Snopes.com…

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Evaluating Internet Information (cont.)

Hmmm…Snopes?

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Library Research

Video: Ask a Librarian

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Library Research

• Ask your librarian for help with navigating and accessing information

• Do keyword searches in online library catalogues

• Browse periodicals and newspapers for current and archived popular information

• Use reference works and databases

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Interviewing

• Prepare an interview plan • Act appropriately • Interview by email if face-to-face is not possible

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Interviewing: Come Prepared with an Interview Plan

Before your interview, decide:

• What you hope to find • Who you will interview and why • A specific meeting time and place • Prepared questions – Ask open-ended questions – Avoid questions that have obvious answers – Avoid leading questions

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Interviewing: Act Appropriately

• Dress appropriately • Be on time • Do not record your interview without explicit

consent from your interviewee

• Avoid meandering into unproductive side conversations

• Take careful notes • Stay within allotted time • Thank your interviewee for their time

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Interviewing: Interviewing by Email

• Helpful when experts are not local or are unavailable face- to-face

• Make a short, initial inquiry about being interviewed

• If the expert agrees, be brief and concise

• Ask only a few well-phrased, precise questions

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Review of Chapter 4 Learning Objectives

• 4.1 Properly use online research to select credible sources for a given speech.

• 4.2 Effectively distinguish which library resources can help a speaker locate credible sources for a given speech.

• 4.3 Identify how effectively planning and conducting interviews can add expert citations for a given speech.

Practically Speaking by J. Dan Rothwell

© 2018 2

Chapter 3 Audience Analysis and Topic Selection

• Types of Audiences

• Audience Composition

• Audience Adaptation

• Topic Choice

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Chapter 3 Learning Objectives

• 3.1 Identify speaker challenges associated with the five different audience types.

• 3.2 Identify components of audience composition that a speaker must consider during speech preparation.

• 3.3 Describe ways to effectively adapt speech content to audiences and situations.

• 3.4 Select suitable topics that adapt to the speaker, the given audience, and occasion.

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Five Types of Audiences

1. Captive

2. Committed

3. Contrary

4. Concerned

5. Casual

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Captive Audience: Disengaged Listeners

A captive audience assembles to hear you speak because it is compelled to

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Committed Audience: Agreeable Listeners

A committed audience voluntarily assembles to invest time and energy being inspired by a speaker

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Contrary Audience: Hostile Listeners

Hostile audience members are more likely to engage in ambushing. Speakers should defuse audience anger, not

ignite it further.

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Concerned Audience: Eager Listeners

Concerned audience members gather voluntarily because they care about issues and ideas

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Casual Audience: Unexpected Listeners

Casual listeners may hear a speaker and stop out of curiosity or casual interest

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Application

What type of audience formed during the 2018 “March For Our Lives” anti-gun gathering in

Washington, D.C.?

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Audience Composition

• Research and ascertain the attitudes, beliefs,

and values of your listeners

• Recognize the diversity of audience members

• Consider the demographics of your audience

members

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Audience Characteristics to Consider • Age – Be mindful of possible generational gaps

• Gender – Go beyond simplistic stereotypes

• Ethnicity and Culture – Avoid ethnocentrism

• Group Affiliations – Groups reveal values, beliefs, and attitudes

• Other characteristics to consider: sexual orientation, income, education level

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Adapting to Diverse Audiences and Situations: Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous Audiences

Heterogenous Audience Homogeneous Audience

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Adapting to Diverse Audiences

• Establish Identification

• Build Credibility

• Adapt to the Situation

• Adapt While Speaking

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Establishing Identification: Connecting with your Audience

• Likeability – Promote social cohesion

• Stylistic Similarity – Looking and acting the

part

• Substantive Similarity – Establishing

common ground

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Build Credibility: Establishing Believability

• Credibility is judgements made concerning the believability of a speaker

• Four dimensions of credibility: 1. Competence

2. Trustworthiness

3. Dynamism

4. Composure

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Adapt to the Situation: Influence of Circumstance

• Remain flexible in adapting to variations of physical settings and the size of your audience

• Be mindful of: – Speaking indoors vs. outdoors – Face-to-face vs. mediated presentations – Size and layout of the room or space – Ability to use visual aids

• It is a good idea to examine the space you will be speaking in prior to your presentation

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Adapt While Speaking: Exhibit Sensitivity

• Be receptive of signals and feedback being sent by your audience

• As you become more experienced, adapting to your audience becomes easier

How can you tell if your audience is losing interest? What should you do if you notice this

while speaking?

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Topic Choice and Audience Adaptation

Four Ways to Explore Potential Speech Topics:

1. Do a personal inventory

– Review your personal experiences and interests

2. Brainstorm new possibilities

– Move beyond your personal inventory

3. Crowdsource by seeking group wisdom

– Solicit help from friends and classmates

4. Scan books, magazines, newspapers, and websites for ideas

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Appropriateness of Topic: Blending Topic and Audience

Your topic should be appropriate for:

You

+

Your Listeners

+

The Occasion

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What Topics Are Inappropriate?

• Offensive

• Trivial

• Demeaning

• Advocate illegal activities

• Encourage unethical behavior

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Is this topic inappropriate? Why or why not?

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Narrowing the Topic: Making Subjects Manageable

• Brainstorm specific subtopics within the

general topic

• Be mindful of staying within your time limit

• If your topic is too broad to stay within

time constraints, consider changing your

topic to something more specific

© 2018 24

Review of Chapter 3 Learning Objectives

• 3.1 Identify speaker challenges associated with the five different audience types.

• 3.2 Identify components of audience composition that a speaker must consider during speech preparation.

• 3.3 Describe ways to effectively adapt speech content to audiences and situations.

• 3.4 Select suitable topics that adapt to the speaker, the given audience, and occasion.

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Overview

•Character Strengths

•Treasure Hunt Use

•Closing the Gap

•REMINDER:

Introductory Speech Outlines Due 9/8

Character Strengths Assessment Results •Results review

•#24’s meaning

Next Steps

•Field Requirements

•Field Specializations

•Field Issues

•Field Opportunities

•Field Professionalism

•Field Experts & Influencers

Your Tools & Resources

• Character Strengths • Journals • Professional

Publications

• Primary Sources • Secondary Sources • Mentors • Network