Psychological tests, also known as psychological assessments, are written or verbal tests created to evaluate an individuals behavior Personality tests are relevant in psychology; th
Need Assessment 3 which is of 6 pages. I attached previous assessment 1 and 2 already. Use the template for assessment 3
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Title
Author
Affiliation
Introduction
Psychological tests, also known as psychological assessments, are written or verbal tests created to evaluate an individual's behavior (Benson et al., 2019). Personality tests are relevant in psychology; the tests can be administered, scored, and interpreted in the field of practice. They can assist users in guiding therapeutic interventions, clarify clinical diagnoses and predict how specific individuals may respond in certain situations. We describe and access personality daily through discussions about others and ourselves, referring to our distinct characteristics. Similarly, psychologists also do that on a scientific and systematic level. For this essay, I will use personalty type-based assessments. From the personality category, I will work with Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory IV (MCM IV), Neo Personality Inventory-4, and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory 2 (MMPI-2).
In psychology, according to Stachl et al. (2020), personality tests are used for reasons such as evaluating the effectiveness of therapy, assessing theories, looking at personality changes, diagnosing psychological problems, and screening candidates for jobs in forensic settings. In addition, they are used in child custody disputes to conduct a risk assessment and establish competence. The tests are related to furthering Skills and knowledge in psychology in career and occupation counseling, school psychology, clinical psychology relationship counseling, and employment testing.
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory IV (MCM IV)
Purpose for Testing
The MCMI-IV assessment was published in 2015 and can be used in counseling, clinical, government, medical and forensic settings (Price, 2019). It is used to assist users in identifying clients who need intensive evaluation. The reports from this assessment provide an in-depth analysis of symptoms and personality dynamics and include action-oriented suggestions for therapeutic management. The Benefit of the test is that it helps the clinician make informed treatment plans and decisions and identify severe clinical issues. Assess disorders based on ICD -10 and DSM 5 classification systems and quickly identify clients who need intensive assessment and access (Janet, 2021et al.).
Features
The test has a scale that provides a more profound comprehension of an adult patient who experiences abnormal personality traits. In addition, the test items are updated, characterizing how Millons Personality theory has evolved and has been refreshed to enhance clinical relevance and clarity. It also contains improved content that integrates therapeutic practice and results and links them to personalized treatment (Price, 2019).
Normative Sample
The test is set for people above 18 years of age and above. The reading level is for 5th grade, and scores are interpreted using adult outpatient and inpatient clinical samples. According to Price (2019), The people who can use it need to be in qualification level C, and it needs to be completed in about twenty-thirty minutes. The items in the test include yes or no answers, and the scoring options ranged from web-based to software report options which are O global and O local. The reports are either profiles of interpretive reality and adopted norms based on a clinical adult population of about 1500 females and males with various diagnoses (Sellbom et al., 2022). The normative samples are about 1546 people from solely clinical contexts; however, the MCMI-IV normative sample does not include individuals from forensic populations directly. The psychometric properties of the Persian version of MCMI-IV, including reliability and validity indexes, are suitable and in line with the results of its original version ( Mohammadi et al., 2021)
Test-User Knowledge, Skills, and Training
According to Sellbom et al. (2022), MCMI-IV provides helpful clinical insights into a patient's personality, allowing clinicians to make reliable diagnostic and treatment decisions. The test Is a Pearson assessment with an established system for testing the user qualifications based on the expertise required to administer purchase and score every test. The qualifications vary from where there are required in level A to where the user has a doctorate in education, psychology, or my closely related field, qualification level C. yes, being a professional in the field of psychology, as stated by Price (2019). After getting a doctorate, I can be qualified to administer the test in level A and level C. As a psychologist, I can use the test to make reliable diagnostic and treatment decisions for psychiatric patients.
Neo Personality Inventory-4
Purpose for Testing
The NEO -4 developed by Costa, P., & McCrae, R. in 2010 gives information on four personality dynamics Openness to Experience, Consciousness, Extraversion, and Agreeableness (Azkhosh et al., 2019). It is created for personal counseling and employment settings in career development, career counseling, and employee training, where the four domains are the main focus. Three short validity checks are provided on answer sheets. It contains 192 questionnaire items, and the scoring keys are E, Q A, and C, similar to NEO PI-R's factors.
Normative Sample, Sampling Procedures, and Intended Population
The age range is adults and children between the age of 1 to 99 years, and it is administered individually. Each domain in the NEO 4 provides information on various aspects of an individual's personality. Each of these domains is interpreted at the global factor level using 24 facet scales with six for every domain. In addition, the NEO 4 has a way to interpret these domains using six personality styles, such as interactions and interests, activity, learning character, and attitudes. (Azkhosh et al., 2019). The NEO Personality Inventory gives good support for reliability and validity. Internal dependability coefficients were calculated at 0.86 to 0.95 for both the forms (observer and self). The upbeat presentation management (PPM) and The Negative Presentation Management (PPM) scales were found to have internal consistency reliability. In addition, the pattern of discriminant and convergent correlations supported the validity of these scales with respective Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) validity scales. Lastly, individuals' PAI profiles with valid NPM differed significantly from those with invalid NPM scores(Janet, 2021et al.). The distinction between profiles from other clinical samples and invalid profiles. Provide additional support to the use NPM scale as a measure of negative impression management. In Psychology, a sample of clients who have come in need of guidance due to work stress or career change can receive help by knowing their most dominant trait of the five character traits described in the test.
Test-User Knowledge, Skills, and Training
It entails a reusable item booklet necessary for self-report. Form S is used for rating, while R is an answer sheet. The test is mainly used by employers when recruiting employees and is an assessment tool for a job. In psychology, I can use the test as a career counselor to guide individuals looking for jobs or companies hiring staff.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory 2 (MMPI-2)
Purpose for Testing
In 1949 The first l Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was published by Hathaway and McKinley; the revised version, MMPI -2, was established in 1989 (Giromini et al., 2019). The practical Test construction technique was used to develop this MMPI. It is highly used in assessing adult psychopathology globally. In addition, it is used in medical, mental health, and employment settings.
Test-User Knowledge,
According to Giromini et al. (2019), It entails testing scales such as the hypochondriasis scale. The information gained from MMPI _2 is helpful in occupational health settings where the clinician doubts what is wrong with a patient. It is also used in assessing psychological stability in workers in high-risk professions such as police, airline pilots, or workers in the nuclear power industry. However, the test is disadvantageous for physicians in these settings because it is strictly licensed; thus, it can only be administered, purchased, or interpreted by a well-experienced clinical psychologist or psychiatrist. Thus, it should be seen as a challenging diagnostic investigation that is not used frequently (Janet, 2021et al.).
Normative Sample
It is completed In Two and a half hours and contains 567 items that are true or false questions. The results are gained through self-reports to measure an individual's psychological state. It has nine validity scales, including defensiveness, faking foul, and assessment for lying, among others. They are also called lie scales, making it very hard for clients to fake the results. The measure contains clinical scales that assess mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Personality characteristics such as psychopathy and general personality traits such as somatization, anger, and addiction potential, are measured (Giromini et al., 2019).
The scale was validated through a normative sample that contained 2600 adults. In addition, almost 10000 published papers that use this scale. For example, research was carried out using the assessment tool for 161 male and 307 female patients with chronic pain (Giromini et al., 2019). The conclusion was that there is a strong relationship between conversion disorder and reported pain disorder, a relationship between physical and emotional pain. In conclusion, the test can be used to show the test's utility in determining if a client has chronic pain would benefit best from psychological therapy or medical treatment.
Comparisons and Contrasts of the Three Tests
The three tests are similar because they are all used and applicable in psychology. They are used in the therapeutic process to help a counselor assess a client and are beneficial in providing necessary help for the counseling process. Regarding normative SampleSample, all the tests can be used by adults and children. Regarding test user knowledge, only the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory 2 (MMPI-2) is limited to use and purchase by an experienced user. However, through critical analysis, The best test is the MMPI -2. It has testing scales on the test items that distinguish ordinary individuals from those with hypochondriasis. Thus it has questions about health issues to make these differentiations; This has two advantages; for instance, it makes it hard for clients to deny problems and give fake responses or a particular impression (Giromini et al., 2019). Also, it is based on research, not clinical assumptions on what answers. In conclusion, various psychological tests assist individuals in understanding different dynamics of life. It assists human beings in understanding why some people are good at some things and others are good at others.
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References
Azkhosh, M., Sahaf, R., Rostami, M., & Ahmadi, A. (2019). Reliability and validity of the 10-item personality inventory among older Iranians. Psychology in Russia, 12(3), 28.
Benson, N. F., Floyd, R. G., Kranzler, J. H., Eckert, T. L., Fefer, S. A., & Morgan, G. B. (2019). Test use and assessment practices of school psychologists in the United States: Findings from the 2017 National Survey. Journal of School Psychology, 72, 29-48.
Giromini, L., Lettieri, S. C., Zizolfi, S., Zizolfi, D., Viglione, D. J., Brusadelli, E., … & Zennaro, A. (2019). Beyond rare-symptoms endorsement: A clinical comparison simulation study using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) with the Inventory of Problems-29 (IOP-29). Psychological Injury and Law, 12(3), 212-224.
Hsiung, K. S., Colditz, J. B., McGuier, E. A., Switzer, G. E., VonVille, H. M., Folb, B. L., & Kolko, D. J. (2021). Measures of organizational culture and climate in primary care: a systematic review. Journal of general internal medicine, 36(2), 487-499.
Martin Sellbom, Jay Flens, Jonathan Gould, Rowena Ramnath, Robert Tringone & Seth Grossman (2022) The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV) and Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory-II (MACI-II) in Legal Settings, Journal of Personality Assessment, 104:2, 203-220, DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2021.2013248
Price, L. A. (2019). Millon clinical multiaxial inventory-IV (MCMI-IV) profile patterns and scale score correlates for jail inmates referred for mental health services.
Sellbom, M., Flens, J., Gould, J., Ramnath, R., Tringone, R., & Grossman, S. (2022). The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV) and Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory-II (MACI-II) in Legal Settings. Journal of Personality Assessment, 104(2), 203-220.
Stachl, C., Pargent, F., Hilbert, S., Harari, G. M., Schoedel, R., Vaid, S., … & Bühner, M. (2020). Personality research and assessment in the era of machine learning. European Journal of Personality, 34(5), 613-631.
The MMPI-2 can be obtained from
www.pearsonassessments.com/tests/mmpi_2.ht
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5
Reliability and Validity
Title
Author
Affiliation
Introduction
For assessment 1, I used personality type assessments. Personality assessments are verbal tests to assess people's behaviors (Benson et al., 2019). I choose the Millon Clinical Neo Personality Inventory-4, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory 2 (MMPI-2), and Multiaxial Inventory IV (MCM IV). The tests were standard and could be used with a population varying from children to adults in a psychiatric setting. Stachi et al. (2020) revealed that personality tests have many uses, including career and occupational counseling, clinical psychology, employment testing, school psychology, and relationship counseling. Mainly, personality tests are used in the treatment of psychopathy. The tests are beneficial because they help evaluate whether therapy is effective, examine personality changes, assess theories of child custody disputes to conduct a risk assessment, and screen candidates in a forensic setting. In this essay, I will assess the reliability and validity of the various tests, including the Millon Clinical Neo Personality Inventory-4, Multiaxial Inventory IV (MCM IV), and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory 2 (MMPI-2). and their application to the field of psychology.
Technical Review Article Summaries
Multiaxial Inventory IV (MCM IV),
The test is used to assist users in identifying clients who need intensive evaluation. The test is set for people above 18 years of age. The reports from this assessment provide an in-depth analysis of symptoms and personality dynamics and include action-oriented suggestions for therapeutic management. The Benefit of the test is that it helps the clinician make informed treatment plans and decisions and identify severe clinical issues. Assess disorders based on ICD – 10 and DSM-5 classification systems and quickly identify clients who need intensive assessment and access (Janet, 2021et al.). The tests are beneficial to psychology because they can be used to assist a client with personality disorders in the therapy process. The validity and reliability of the tests have been reviewed by various scholars as described.
Mohammadi M.R.,Delavar, A., Hooshyari, Z., Shakiba, A., Salmnian, M., Ghandi., F.,…& Farnoody, N. (2021). Psychometric properties f the Persin Version of MILLONclinical Multilaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV0 Iranian journal of psychiatry, 16(1),43.
The article investigates the validity and reliability of the Multiaxial Inventory IV (MCM IV). Mohammad et al. (2021) reveal there have been preceding forms of MCMI, and all have been validated and interpreted to Persian. Thus, they have been used repeatedly by Iranian researchers or clinicians. The study carried out to test the validity of the assessment was psychometric. Participants were chosen by convenience and purposeful sampling using outpatients and inpatients referred to a hospital from 2018 through 2019. Once data analysis was carried out using validity scales grounded on the MCMI-IV profile and statistical methods, a little over 350 participants were examined to approximate the psychometric properties of MCMI-IV. Correlational coefficients, Kappa Agreement, and Content Validity Ratio (CVR), among others, were used for data analysis. The findings revealed that criterion validity was (0.13 to 0.40), content validity index (CVI, 0.28 to 0.99), and convergent validity (-0.35 to 0.73). the Spearman-Brown coefficient was from 0.49 to 0.90, The Cronbach's alpha for the personality scales was 0.48 to 0.90, and test-retest reliability was from 0.51 to 0.86. Thus the conclusion was that the psychometric properties of the Persian version of MCMI-IV, including reliability and validity indexes, are suitable and in line with the results of its original version ( Mohammadi et al., 2021)
Martin Sellbom, Jay Flens, Jonathan Gould, Rowena Ramnath, Robert Tringone & Seth Grossman (2022) The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV) and Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory-II (MACI-II) in Legal Settings, Journal of Personality Assessment, 104:2, 203-220, DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2021.2013248
According to Martin Sellborn (2022), the MCMI-IV is one of the newest duplications of the primary Millon clinical inventories, which has become an ingrained instrument. It is used in forensic settings, yet it has had alot of controversy due to its normative and psychometric referencing abilities that users may find challenging to defend in a court of law. Furthermore, it was not intended to address psycho-legal queries; thus, it can only respond to such inquiries over explanatory results. Nevertheless, it is utilized in forensic evaluation since it can produce vital information about very relevant individuals, including general psychopathology and personality disorders (Martin Sellborn, 2022). It is important to note that the tool is valuable in generating hypotheses on some functional behaviors. In addition, it helps examiners interpret the MCMI-IV results relating to a person's motive competency and mental impairment. Therefore the test suggests that the MCMI-IV is a helpful tool though it is limited in the court setting.
Neo Personality Inventory-4
The NEO -4 developed by Costa, P., & McCrae, R. in 2010 gives information on four personality dynamics Openness to Experience, Consciousness, Extraversion, and Agreeableness (Azkhosh et al., 2019). It is created for personal counseling and employment settings in career development, career counseling, and employee training, where the four domains are the main focus. The age range is adults and children between the age of 1 to 99 years, and it is administered individually. The tests are beneficial to the field of psychology because they can be used to assist a client with career problems in career counseling and even students as they choose careers. The validity and reliability of the tests have been reviewed by various scholars as described.
Manoochehr, A., Robab, S., Mohammad, R., & Amir, A. (2019). Reliability and validity of the 10-Item personality Inventory among older Iranians. Psychology in Russia: State of the art, 12(3), 29-40.
Nevertheless, only Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, and Extraversion had good lasting retest dependability. According to the journal, a study was carried out on 160 people above 60 years of age and selected using convenience and multi-stage sampling methods. The data was collected through the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO.FFI).and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO.FFI). The TIPI's face, convergent, and content validity were scrutinized, and its reliability was evaluated using test-retest reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The findings indicated that: In general, the Persian version of the TIPI had good psychometric properties for gauging the Big Five personality traits in grownup adults in terms of convergent validity (r = .411, p < .00 and test-retest reliability (ICC = .92, p = .000)). It concluded that the too; is a reliable and valid tool for measuring the Big Five personality traits.
Uliaszek, A.A., Al AL-Dajani,, N .Sellborn, M., & Bagby R.M (2019). Cross-validation of the demoralization constructs in the Revised NEO personality inventory Psychology assessment, 31(2).
Another study by Uliaszek (2019) scrutinized the validity and reliability of the study validity scales for the NEO Personality inventory in a clinical sample. The upbeat presentation management (PPM) and The Negative Presentation Management (PPM) scales were found to have internal consistency reliability. In addition, the pattern of discriminant and convergent correlations supported the validity of these scales with respective Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) validity scales. Lastly, individuals' PAI profiles with valid NPM differed significantly from those with invalid NPM scores. The distinction between profiles from other clinical samples and invalid profiles. Provide additional support to the use NPM scale as a measure of negative impression management.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory 2 (MMPI-2)
The practical Test construction technique was used to develop this MMPI. It is highly used in assessing adult psychopathology globally. In addition, it is used in medical, mentalhealth, and employment settings. Scale. The information gained from MMPI _2 is helpful in occupational health settings where the clinician doubts what is wrong with a patient. It is also used in assessing psychological stability in workers in high-risk professions such as police, airline pilots, or workers in the nuclear power industry. However, the test is disadvantageous for physicians in these settings because it is strictly licensed; thus, it can only be administered, purchased, or interpreted by a well-experienced clinical psychologist or psychiatrist. The tests are beneficial to psychology because they can be used to assist clients with psychiatric disorders and in the therapy process. The validity and reliability of the tests have been reviewed by various scholars as described.
Giromini, L., Lettieri, S. C., Zizolfi, S., Zizolfi, D., Viglione, D. J., Brusadelli, E., … & Zennaro, A. (2019). Beyond rare-symptoms endorsement: A clinical comparison simulation study using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and Inventory of Problems-29 (IOP-29). Psychological Injury and Law, 12(3), 212-224.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a broadly used assessment method for identifying psychiatric patients' social, personal, and behavioral issues (Giromini et al., 2019). The test entails ten clinical validity scales and subscales to ensure the findings are well represented. The test contains 567 questions and takes about one and a half hours to administer. It is primarily reliable and widely known among those who are severely disturbed and the white middle class. In addition, it is reliable if recorded as80 from 50, where Hypondriasis is the first scale.
Ryan J Marek et al. J Pers Assess. Jan-Feb 2020 Reliability and Validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – 2 – Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in Spine Surgery and Spinal Cord Stimulator Samples
The study by Marek et al. (2020) explored the psychometric properties of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF). A sample of patients undergoing spine surgery was used. Findings revealed that MMPI-2-RF substantive scale scores are reliable, indicating good convergent and discriminant validity in both samples. Furthermore, they Incorporate the test as part of the pre-surgical valuation of the spinal cord; thus, spine surgery patients can deliver an essential understanding of their functioning and assist guide post and pre-surgical treatment in these situations.
Conclusion
In conclusion, personality tests have various uses, including career and occupational counseling, clinical psychology, employment testing, school psychology, and relationship counseling. Mainly personality tests are used in the treatment of psychopathy. The tests are beneficial because they help evaluate whether therapy is compelling, examine personality changes, assess theories of child custody disputes, conduct a risk assessment, and screen candidates in a forensic setting. All the tests have been used, and different studies show they are reliable or valid. The Millon Clinical Neo Personality Inventory-4 is a valid and reliable test revealed by Paul Costa & Robert. They state that the NEO Personality Inventory gives good evidence for reliability and validity. Internal dependability coefficients were calculated at 0.85 to 0.95 for both the forms (observer and self). Multiaxial Inventory IV (MCM IV), the psychometric properties of the Persian version of MCMI-IV, including reliability and validity indexes, are applicable and in line with the results of its novel version. Furthermore, in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory 2 (MMPI-2 reliability is recorded as .80, the first scale with the highest reliability, Hypochondriasis.
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References
Azkhosh, M., Sahaf, R., Rostami, M., & Ahmadi, A. (2019). Reliability and validity of the 10-item personality inventory among older Iranians. Psychology in Russia, 12(3), 28.
Benson, N. F., Floyd, R. G., Kranzler, J. H., Eckert, T. L., Fefer, S. A., & Morgan, G. B. (2019).Test use and assessment practices of school psychologists in the United States: Findings from the 2017 National Survey. Journal of School Psychology, 72, 29-48.
Giromini, L., Lettieri, S. C., Zizolfi, S., Zizolfi, D., Viglione, D. J., Brusadelli, E., … & Zennaro, A. (2019). Beyond rare-symptoms endorsement: A clinical comparison simulation study using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) with the Inventory of Problems-29 (IOP-29). Psychological Injury and Law, 12(3), 212-224.
Martin Sellbom, Jay Flens, Jonathan Gould, Rowena Ramnath, Robert Tringone & Seth Grossman (2022) The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV) and Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory-II (MACI-II) in Legal Settings, Journal of Personality Assessment, 104:2, 203-220, DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2021.2013248
Mohammadi M.R.,Delavar, A., Hooshyari, Z., Shakiba, A., Salmnian, M., Ghandi., F.,…& Farnoody, N. (2021). Psychometric properties f the Persin Version of MILLONclinical Multilaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV0 Iranian journal of psychiatry, 16(1),43.
Stachl, C., Pargent, F., Hilbert, S., Harari, G. M., Schoedel, R., Vaid, S., … & Bühner, M. (2020) Personality research and assessment in the era of machine learning. European Journal of Personality, 34(5), 613-631..
Ryan J Marek et al. J Pers Assess. Jan-Feb 2020 Reliability and Validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – 2 – Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in Spine Surgery and Spinal Cord Stimulator Samples
Uliaszek, A.A., Al AL-Dajani,, N .Sellborn, M., & Bagby R.M (2019). Cross validationof the demoralization construct in the Revised NEO personlityInventory Psychology assessment, 31(2)..
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For this assessment, you will evaluate a selected test as being appropriate and meeting the intended purpose of the instrument, according to all elements of the Code.
Note: Synthesizing the evaluation of test materials, scoring, and technology requires specific steps that must be carried out in a certain order. Therefore, you must complete the assessments in this course in the order in which they are presented.
Introduction
In this assessment, you will focus on the materials, scoring, and technology of the three tests you selected for Assessments 1 and 2.
Preparation
Download the Assessment 3 Template: Evaluation of Test Materials, Scoring, and Technology [DOCX] to your computer and use it for the basis of your assessment. The template contains instructions to guide you through each element of the assessment.
Gathering information about and evaluating the remaining elements of the Code will require additional searches in the Capella library (including MMY), as well as other resources (such as test publisher websites). A search for relevant articles may include a keyword search within each review or research article. It may be helpful to do keyword searches within those documents with the following words:
· Materials.
· Scoring.
· Scores.
· Technology.
· Computer or computer-assisted.
Subsequently, this particular assessment requires a deeper search and provides a broader range of sources to fulfill the minimum references. In almost all cases, you will be able to locate some level of information on these elements.
Important: You are not required to submit a copy of your test to complete this assessment.
Instructions
For Assessment 1 you selected three standardized tests that have relevancy to your specialization or a related profession and focused on the testing purpose, population, content and constructs assessed, and test user training. For Assessment 2 you focused on analyzing the evidence for technical quality of your three selected tests.
Chapters 7 and 8 of your Psychological Testi
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