Contraception has far-reaching implications on total fertility rates in communities and societies
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Contraception has far-reaching implications on total fertility rates in communities and societies; within Latin America and Africa, the essence of the application of contraception from a systemic perspective is to control population growth and ensure easier planning and allocation of resources. On the other hand, at a family level, contraception is applied to ensure that families are economically self-sustaining (Doepke & Kindermann, 2019). The long-term implication of using contraception in both Latin America and Africa is that it leads to deteriorating fertility rates, especially among women, and the emergence of safety and use issues. Uncontrolled fall in fertility rates among communities and safety issues can lead to the decimation of the population in the communities and societies (Doepke & Kindermann, 2019). For that reason, the policy implication is that the governments in Africa and Latin America, through their institutions, should ensure regulated use and ensure that their people are educated on contraceptive safety and uses. For instance, wrong or unsafe use of contraceptives among women may permanently damage their fertility, negatively affecting the total fertility rate (Doepke & Kindermann, 2019).
Japan has low total fertility rates despite the low prevalence of contraceptives because their decision to bear children or not is mainly driven by culture rather than formulated policy. This culture limits the number of children that is acceptable within this culture (Yoshida et al., 2016). Therefore, contraceptives are widely available and accessible throughout the country. In a number of Asian countries, marriage change has played a significant impact on recent fertility decreases (Yoshida et al., 2016). Fertility was held down by both the delay in marriage and the postponement of childbearing by married couples (Yoshida et al., 2016). Uncertainty of continued employment, conflict of work and family responsibilities, lack of appropriate policies to support child-rearing, the ideology of the “quality” child, financial costs of child-rearing, gender ideologies on housework, and difficulties of the urban environment are just a few of the many factors lowering desired childbearing among married couples in Pacific Asia (Yoshida et al., 2016). Perhaps growing individualism is also a factor.
Unlike in Western countries, where childbearing is not a prerequisite for marriage, childbearing prior to marriage is frowned upon in most Asian countries, making it extremely rare. Postponing marriage thus contributes considerably to a drop in fertility by delaying women’s total reproductive period, which in turn reduces the number of children a woman is expected to produce and hence affects a country’s population growth rate. The age at which a woman marries has a major impact on her fertility—an increase in the age at which a woman marries diminishes her total fertility significantly. Furthermore, the bigger the influence of education on the age at marriage and total fertility is the higher the woman’s educational level. Women’s education has a direct influence on reducing fertility, but it also has an indirect effect on the age at which they marry.
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