From the lecture about the Native Americans, this Betty Bob cartoon depicts the natives in a very negative way. Based in the fallowing list of tropes, just write how Betty Boop is personif

Native American Displacement History 150

Dr. Jesús Pérez

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161 years ago, President Abraham Lincoln ordered 38 Dakota Warriors to be hung. It was the largest mass execution in U.S. history. Source: https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/the-traumatic-true-history-and-name-list-of-the-dakota-38- 3awsx1BAdU2v_KWM81RomQ/

https://www.youtube.com/ watch?time_continue=43&v =Hg5ymYY09l8 Dakota 38 – Remembering Largest Mass Execution in United States

• This is a manual cover page from the Government and Church in 1916 on how to kidnap Indigenous children from their parents by removing their culture, language, and identity and assimilating them into the dominant culture.

• "The great aim of our legislation has been to do away with the tribal system and assimilate the Indian people in all respects with the other inhabitants of the Dominion as speedily as they are fit to change.” 1887 – John A McDonald. Architect of the Indian Act.

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Trafficking Native children in 1952. Buy a Native child for $10. Letter from

Indian Mission in South Dakota describing the 'sale' of a Native child to a

donor for $10. http://www.powwows.com/did-you-know-native-american-facts/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaGVUekGCsQ&feature=emb_logo More people should know about the awful bounty system that paid settlers to kill Native

Photo of tiny handcuffs at Haskell by Mary Annette Pember

7 Source: https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/news/indian-country-remembers-the-horror-of-children-stripped-from-their-parents-arm-wsU0QDCp3UuW7xu9ZndmyQ/

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1976: government admits forced sterilization of Native American women.**

A study by the US general accounting office finds that 4 of the 12 Indian health service regions sterilized 3,406 Native American women without their permission between 1973 and 1976. The GAO finds that 36 women under the age of 21 had been forcefully sterilized during this period despite a court ordered moratorium on sterilizations of women younger than 21.

Two years earlier, an independent study by Dr. Connie Pinkerton- Uri.(Chacktaw/Cherokee) found that one in four Native American women had been sterilized without her consent. Pinkerton- Uri's research indicated that the Indian Health Services had "singled out full blodded Native American woman for sterilization procedures." (Genocide)

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8m8cQI4DgM (Ayn Rand)

http://time.com/5038410/donald-trump-elizabeth-warren-pocahontas-2/

https://www.facebook.com/AllDefNation/videos/567496960252469/ No more chief

https://www.vox.com/first-person/2020/2/1/21115858/super-bowl-2020-chiefs-kansas- city?fbclid=IwAR0YWglcqXKW1QtoPJREIPLHgEIEpNOUNBZNrvePbFdlS_bo_2_4TduitsU

Europeans on how they view themselves

• They had “souls”

• They were “adults”

• They were “humans”

• They were “tolerant”

• They were “good”

• The had “reason” 10

European perceptions about natives • Natives had no “soul”

• They were seen as “children”

• They were seen equal to “animals”

– Which made them violent

• Were considered to be “savages”

• They were seen as “evil”

• Had no “reason”

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In 1646, a Christian convert asked the Massachusetts missionary John Eliot: "Why do you call us Indians?" The answer is readily apparent even to young schoolchildren. Because Columbus mistakenly believed he had arrived in the East Indies, near Japan and China, he called the islanders "indios." Even though European realized within a quarter century that Columbus had not reached the East Indies, the name Indian continued to be used.

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European colonists, however, were unable to appreciate or comprehend the rich

diversity of the Native Americans and tended to conflate the Indian people into a

single, undifferentiated group.

They classified this vast indigenous population as "Indian," described their color as

"red," and considered their religions pagan, their languages incomprehensible, their

politics disorganized, and their agriculture and land use patterns primitive.

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The French philosopher Michel de Montaigne reflected a pervasive ignorance about natives when he pronounced that the Indians had "no knowledge of letters, no intelligence of numbers, no name of magistrate, nor of politics…no occupation but lazy, no apparel but natural…."

Family and Gender

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https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=10156083373701495 Native American Genders

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“natural man”

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Arthur Barlowe (who was one of two British captains who, under the direction of Sir Walter Raleigh, left England in 1584 to find land in North America to claim for Queen Elizabeth I of England. His account survives in a letter written to Raleigh as a report on their journey.) Who visited Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina, in 1584, described the Native Americans as nature's nobility: “We found the people most gentle, loving and faithful, void of all guile and treasure, and such as live after the manner of the golden age.”

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21 http://www.wnyc.org/story/304485-does-disneys-tonto-reinforce-stereotypes-or-overcome-them/

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But if some Europeans regarded Indians with fascination, many others looked at them with hatred and fear. A contrasting stereotype, often invoked to legitimate white aggression, was the "bloodthirsty savage" who stood in the way of progress and civilization. Colonists repeatedly referred to Indians in the most pejorative terms, as "inhumanly cruel," "brutish beasts" of "most wild and savage nature." If the "noble savage" deserved to be "civilized" and "Christianized" in the white man's image, then the "bloodthirsty savage" had to be eliminated. Such self-serving stereotypes long prevented Europeans from seeing Native Americans in their true diversity and individuality.

John Vanderlyn painted “The Death of Jane McCrea” in 1804 showing a young white woman struggling against two half-naked Native men. The painting typifies the “captivity narrative,” a literary genre based on stories of white colonists captured by Native Americans. The white woman is shown as innocent, vulnerable and bathed in white light, while the Native men are undeniably evil. Paintings like this were often used as propaganda against Indians.

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Criticizing the ruthless nature of military action against Native American tribes in the late 1860s, this Frank Bellow cartoon served as a rebuke of Sheridan’s practice of “attack first and talk later.”

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25 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFAQBUCNEtg How The US Suppressed Native American Identity

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKozx9rQXZU Kill the Indian, Save the Man10 Minutes)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioAzgg mes8c

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Three young Lakota Indian boys pictured (left) wearing their tribal clothing upon their arrival at Carlisle, and (right) a short time later wearing their school military-style uniforms, ca. 1900. Source: http://ushistoryscene.com/article/usindian-policy/

https://www.rawstory.com/2018/10/funny-youre-racist-twitter-swamps-jason-chaffetz-mocks-elizabeth-warren-indian-selfie/?utm_source=push_notifications

27https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJR8hZ_XJro

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“assortment of savages of the west”

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Encomienda was a Spanish labor system. It rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of subject people. It was first established in Spain during the Roman period, but used also following the Christian conquest of Muslim territories and was also used in the Americas to coerced Natives into slavery as a way to pay tribute.

The Encomienda System

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Picture from Códice Kingsborough showing an encomendero abusing an innocent Native American.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEMLFn_nS-s Encomienda System

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38https://www.keyt.com/news/crime/old-mission-santa-barbara-vandalized/805268879

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Popé or Po'pay (1630 – ca. 1688) was a Tewa religious leader from Ohkay Owingeh (known since the colonial period as San Juan Pueblo), who led the Pueblo Revolt in 1680 against Spanish

colonial rule. In the first successful revolt against the Spanish, the Pueblo expelled the colonists and kept them out of the territory for twelve years.

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French Traders and Their American Indian Trading Partners Exchanging European Goods for Furs. Decorative detail from Map of the inhabited part of Canada, from the French surveys engraved by William Faden, 1777. Courtesy of the Library of Congress,

Geography and Map Division (G1105.F22 1777).

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Franco-Indian alliance

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The Franco-Indian alliance was an alliance between American Indians and the French, centered on the Great Lakes and the Illinois country during the French and Indian War (1754–1763). The alliance involved French settlers on the one side, and the Abenaki, Ottawa, Menominee, Winnebago, Mississauga, Illinois, Sioux, Huron-Petun, Potawatomi etc. on the other. It allowed the French and the Indians to form a haven in the middle-Ohio valley before the open conflict between the European powers erupted.

Haitian Revolution 1791-1804, France is defeated by their most important slave colony. The needed money and had to sell. The Louisiana Purchase (1803) was a land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million $333,327,654.87 in todays currency.

46 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDUDlAEv5pU Pocahontas SNL

https://indiancountryme dianetwork.com/history /genealogy/true-story- pocahontas-historical- myths-versus-sad- reality/ The True Story of Pocahontas: Historical Myths Versus Sad Reality

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But there was another side to this story, missing from popular mythology:

settlers poisoning Indians at peace parleys, offering them clothing

infected with smallpox, and burning their villages and cornfields.

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As early as 1609, an Englishman insisted on the right of English colonists to "plant ourselves in their places." "The greater part" of the land, wrote Robert Gray, "possessed and wrongfully usurped by [these] wild beasts, and unreasoning creatures, or by brutish savages, which by reason of their godles[s] ignorance, and blasphemous Idolatrie, are worse than…beasts."

Robert Gray May 10, 1755 – July, 1806

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Robert Gray was an American merchant sea captain who is known for his achievements in connection with two trading voyages to the northern Pacific coast of North America, between 1790 and 1793, which pioneered the American maritime fur trade in that region.

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• Farther south, English settlers manipulated tribal rivalries to open land to white settlement. In South Carolina, the English effectively pitted groups like the Tuscaroras, the Cherokees, the Creeks, and the Yamasees against one another.

• The Tuscaroras had taken many Algonquians captive and sold them into slavery. Between 1711 and 1713, the English took advantage of intertribal hostility by convincing the Algonquians to join them in a war against the Tuscaroras.

• When the conflict was over, over 1,000 Tuscaroras (a fifth of the tribe) were sold into slavery. Half the remaining Tuscaroras then migrated to New York, where they became the sixth nation of the Iroquois League.

• Then, in 1715, the European settlers succeeded in mobilizing the Cherokees against the Creeks and the Yamasees, forcing the Creeks to move westward and the surviving Yamasees southward into territory controlled by Spain, clearing valuable rice land of Indians in the process.

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• In the Northeast, Indians found it difficult to resist the English invaders unless they were able to ally themselves with a European power. Compared to the Southeast, the

• Northeast was much less densely populated. The 140,000 who inhabited the area in 1600 fell to just 10,000 by 1675.

• The tribes in this area were also more fragmented politically; except for the Iroquois, they were not organized into political confederacies. Politically, this was a region of autonomous villages that made decisions by consensus. It was also a region with a long history of tribal rivalries.

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• Even in Pennsylvania, whose Quaker founder William Penn envisioned a "peaceable kingdom" where people of diverse backgrounds and religious beliefs could live together harmoniously, Indians were displaced from their lands.

• Before leaving England, he wrote to the Delawares, the dominant tribe in the region, expressing his hope that "we may always live together as neighbors and friends." True to his word, Penn met with the Delawares and told them that he would not take land from them unless sanctioned by tribal chieftains.

• Committed to treating Native Americans fairly in negotiating land rights, Penn purchased Delaware lands before reselling them to settlers and prohibited the sale of alcohol. Penn's policies were so unusual that they encouraged the Miamis, the Shawnees, and other peoples to move to Pennsylvania.

• However, after his death, Penn's own sons and agents reversed his policies, and Pennsylvania's colonists pushed the Delaware and other peoples off their land without compensation.

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• Competition over furs, skins, and slaves had many destructive effects on Native Americans. It made Indians increasingly dependent on European manufactured goods and firearms.

• trade also killed off animals that provided a major part of the hunting and gathering economy. And traders spread disease and alcohol.

• The fur trade also conflicted with traditional Indian religious beliefs, which charged hunters with never killing more animals than they needed.

• Above all, competition over trade encouraged intertribal warfare and thus undermined the Indians' ability to resist white incursions.

• In what is now New York, for example, the Dutch and the English pitted their allies, the Iroquois, against the Huron, who served as middlemen between French traders and other tribes. In the ensuing warfare, the Hurons were driven westward

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Chief Pontiac

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In the spring of 1763 an Ottawa chief named Pontiac led an alliance of Delaware, Seneca, Shawnee, and other western Indians in rebellion. Pontiac's alliance attacked forts in Indiana, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin that Britain had taken over from the French, destroying all but three. Pontiac's forces then moved eastward, attacking settlements in western Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, killing more than 2,000 colonists. Without assistance from the French, however, Pontiac's rebellion petered out by the year's end.

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To restore western peace, royal officials issued the Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited colonists from purchasing Indian lands and closed the trans- Mississippi West to white settlement. This scheme failed when land-hungry frontiersmen and speculators repeatedly petitioned the British government to negotiate treaties allowing them to purchase millions of acres of Indian land in the Ohio River valley. To end this pressure, Parliament passed the Quebec Act of 1774, transferring control of Indian trade in the area between the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to the French-speaking province of Quebec. But this act provoked outrage among American colonists, convinced that British government was seeking to transform the West into a preserve for "papists" and "savages." The prohibition on English settlement in the West was a major cause of the American Revolution.

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During the American Revolution itself, both the British and the American patriots sought to keep Indians neutral. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress asked Indians "not to join on either side," since "you Indians are not concerned in it." Two peoples tried to use the revolution as an opportunity to halt white settlement on their territory, the Shawnee in Kentucky and the Cherokee in frontier Carolina and Virginia. But in each case, these people suffered defeats at the hands of the colonial militias, forcing them to give up land in Kentucky, the western Carolinas, and eastern Georgia to the Americans.

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Over 500 treaties were made with American Indian tribes, primarily for land cessations, but 500 treaties were also broken, changed or nullified when it served the government's interests

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8tEuaj4h8dw&feature=emb_logo TREATIES MADE, TREATIES BROKEN

U.S. government poster. 1910 advertising the sale of land stolen from

Firsts Nations People

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Broadside advertises upcoming land sale by sealed bid allotted by the United States Department of the Interior in 1911. Average sales amount per acre and number of acres sold in 1910 are listed for Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Interested parties are requested to write for booklet "Indian Lands for Sale" to the Superintendent U.S. Indian School at a number of places within listed states. Signed at end by Walter L. Fisher, Secretary of the Interior and Robert G. Valentine, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Illustrated with a half front portrait of Padani-Kokipa-Sni of the Yankton Indian tribe in native dress wearing a two eagle feather hair charm. Image is also reproduced from a photograph taken by De Lancey Gill.

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President George Washington also wanted to open the country north of the Ohio River. The British, eager to maintain the lucrative fur trade, had refused to relinquish their military posts from this area and provided aid to the region's Delawares, Iroquois, Miamis, and Shawnees. During the 1790s, George Washington dispatched three armies to clear the Ohio country of Indians. Twice, a confederacy of eight tribes led by Little Turtle, chief of the Miamis, defeated American forces. In the first campaign, the United States suffered 200 casualties and in the second, Indians killed 900 soldiers. But in 1794, a third army defeated the Indians. A 3,000-man force under Anthony Wayne destroyed Indian villages in northwestern Ohio and then overwhelmed a thousand Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Under the Treaty of Greenville (1795), Native Americans ceded much of the present state of Ohio, in return for cash and a promise that the federal government would treat the Indian nations fairly in land dealings.

Displacement

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The end of the revolution unleashed a mad rush of pioneers to Kentucky and Tennessee. Between 1784 and 1790, clashes with the Cherokees, Chickasaws, and Shawnees left more than 1,500 whites dead or captured. Pressure to open up other areas was increasing. In 1790, the United States paid a large bribe to a Creek leader, Alexander McGillivray, to sign a peace treaty allowing whites to occupy lands in central Georgia. Under pressure from Spain, the Creeks renounced the treaty in 1792.

http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2014/06/17/interactive_map_loss_of_indian_land.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=79&v=pJxrTzfG2bo The Invasion of America

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SM8WZ0ztMuc 'America is a stolen country'

77 https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/late-night-hosts-criticize-trump-s-pocahontas-jab-native-american-ceremony-1062077 Late-Night Hosts Criticize Trump’s "Pocahontas" Jab During Native American Ceremony

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hJFi7SRH7Q How Hollywood stereotyped the Native Americans 4,000 films made

http://www.rawstory.com/2015/04/native- american-cast-leaves-adam-sandler-flick-nothing- has-changed-were-still-just-hollywood-indians/

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/28/native- american-adam-sandler- video_n_7162320.html?ncid=fcbklnkushpmg000000 24

79 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUX6z0hSyJw Betty Boob

Beloved cartoon Betty Boop influenced by black Harlem singer Esther Jones

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Ted Nugent Calls Native Americans ‘Unclean Vermin’ After Native American Tribe Canceled His Show. Source: http://crooksandliars.com/2014/07/ted-nugent-fires-back-unclean-vermin-after

81 Source: https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/opinions/ann-coulter-thinks-shes-native-because-she-descended-from-settlers/

"A Redneck told me to go back where I came from, so I put a teepee in his backyard.“

Charlie Hill, Oneida-Mohawk-Creek

82https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=545t5SvcyDo

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fU8w0wtX4so (trump)

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwsCuG1kSRk The Protests At Standing Rock | The Last Word | MSNBC

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