Effect of Community Oriented Policing in Reducing Crime in Crime Hotspot Areas Crime researchers and practitioners have recently drawn attention to the possible importance of concentrating

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Effect of Community Oriented Policing in Reducing Crime in Crime Hotspot Areas

Treylesia Alston

Liberty University

GRST501

Professor Perez

July 24, 2022

Abstract

Crime researchers and practitioners have recently drawn attention to the possible importance of concentrating efforts on crime hotspots. According to a number of studies, crime is significantly concentrated in small areas, or “hot spots,” where it accounts for half of all criminal activities. Researchers contend that if police officers concentrated their efforts on these hotspot locations, many crime issues could be reduced more effectively. The appeal of concentrating scarce resources on a select group of high-crime locations can be a success by employing pro-active problem-solving mechanism known as community policy. Community policing law enforcers are able to create a rapport with the community members making it easier to spot the criminals and create awareness on crime issues. This makes the members of the community more open to joined effort by the police and a community free of crime. If crime can be stopped in certain high-crime areas, overall crime rates may go down.

Introduction

Crime researchers and practitioners have noted throughout the past 30 years the potential advantages of concentrating crime prevention efforts on crime hotspots. Numerous studies indicate that crime is not distributed uniformly throughout urban areas. Instead, there is a sizable concentration of crime in confined areas, or “hot spots,” which account for half of all criminal activity. Even in the most criminalized neighborhoods, crime concentrates in a few specific places, while other regions are comparatively crime-free (Koper, et al., 2021). This notion of crime concentrations has been supported by more recent research, which supports the idea that there is a “law of crime concentration” at certain locations, demonstrating not only that crime is concentrated but also that it is concentrated at comparable levels across cities and over time. Researchers have proposed that community policing, which focuses police officers' attention on these chronic high-activity crime sites, can help reduce crime more effectively than other methods. The goal of this policing method is to build ties with the local population. Full-service police is a highly personalized attitude where an officer patrols the same area for a while and forms a relationship with the community to understand problems and find solutions.

Effect of community-oriented policing in reducing crime in crime hotspot areas

Community policing places a strong emphasis on proactivity rather than just reactivity, which is one of its key defining characteristics. Police officers in high-crime areas concentrate on deterring crime by identifying its root causes. The SARA approach, which stands for scanning, analysis, reaction, and assessment, is one of the strategies they employ (Burton & McGregor, 2018). It has been found to be effective in lowering crime and raising officer knowledge of concerns in the community. Police officers may respond more quickly and more effectively by describing the issue and looking at its causes and effects. By doing this, we can also assess how well we responded and work to avoid similar problems in the future. Technology, data exchange, and collaboration, both inside the agency and outside all play significant roles in this. Partnerships with local governments, state and federal law enforcement, educators, health care providers, and other professionals have significantly boosted the resources and capability to address crime hotspots.

In situations where the legitimacy of the state is questioned, collaboration between the police and the community has improved public trust and police capacity to enforce the law. The capacity of the state to provide public services is constrained by low legitimacy and a lack of confidence. This issue is particularly relevant to policing since, in order to provide services effectively and efficiently, especially in regions with high crime rates, officers require information about what is going on in the community (Weisburd, et al., 2021). The location of crime hotspots, information about suspicious individuals or activities, complaints of crimes that have already occurred, and information about the most important issues are all provided to the police by the public. The little resources the police have are allocated using this information to deter crime and maintain public safety. This entire system collapses when people lose faith in the cops.

A successful community policing method lowers neighborhood crime, lowers residents' fear of crime, and improves the standard of living in the neighborhood. The provision of better services to neighborhoods is a key objective of community policing; as a result, customer satisfaction is a crucial indicator of efficiency. Essential components of the assessment process include community members' perceptions of progress and continual feedback from all segments of the community. Random and routinely conducted surveys provide the agency with information about how the public perceives police performance, the level of fear and concern, and the extent to which residents feel like they are involved in the community policing effort.

Community collaboration is one of the cornerstones of community policing. The quantity and nature of the community partnerships that have been developed will thus serve as an early indicator of effectiveness. To prevent crime hotspots and lessen the fear of crime in the neighborhood, community members must cooperate and participate. Identifying if issues have been resolved and evaluating the managers' and patrol officers' application of the community partnership and problem-solving elements of community policing are all parts of evaluating the success of such initiatives. Officers facilitate community support mobilization in community policing. Additionally, they serve as mediators in conflicts between people or groups, or they accept responsibility for forwarding issues to the proper government or social body. A sign that community policing strategies are effective is the efficient utilization of governmental and local agency resources in problem solutions. As a result, while evaluating the work of officers and the effectiveness of the program, the mobilization and wise application of community resources in problem-solving and the delicate management of dissension become crucial criteria.

In contrast, the major objective of community policing is to help the populace create and preserve a secure social environment. Community policing has other objectives in addition to apprehending criminals, but it is one of its main focuses. Through collaboration and community cooperation, community policing aims to address crime hotspots that are of concern to the community. According to research, the best ways to address the issues affecting the community involve interaction between the police, resources provided by the government, residents, and local businesses (Edmunds, et al., 2021). The public's confidence in the police and other law enforcement authorities is increased when there is a focus on community-oriented policing. The relationship between the police and the community is strengthened by community-oriented policing, which also increases public trust, community collaboration, and the efficacy and efficiency of the police and other law enforcement agencies in protecting lives, property, and human rights. Numerous channels exist for police to interact with the public, including polls, surveys, town hall meetings, call-in shows, and encounters with interest groups. They make use of these contacts to learn what the neighborhood expects of its police officers and what the neighborhood is prepared to do to address its crime issue.

Another sign of successful crime-reduction programs is raising levels of community involvement in these initiatives. Communities are more open to collaborating with the police in a number of ways, from repurposing vacant buildings as assets for the community to actively involving police in neighborhood watch programs or crime hotspots. People feel more comfortable sharing information about criminal behavior in the region because to community-based policing. In reality, as community trust and confidence in police abilities grow, calls to report crime may actually climb significantly as a result of the deployment of community policing. The dedication of more community resources to initiatives to reduce crime is a clear sign of community policing's effectiveness. The active involvement of public and private organizations, educational institutions, and the business community, as well as their financial support, shows the effectiveness of community partnership initiatives. Communities should start organizing and carrying out activities with limited oversight from the police.

Conclusion

In conclusion, community policing requires sustained effort; it is not a temporary remedy. Building long-lasting relationships with the community and getting rid of the root causes of crime require preparation, adaptability, patience, and time. Management must emphasize to everyone inside and outside the organization that success is attained through a series of gradual improvements. Management can gauge progress by their performance in reaching intermediate targets. The solution to rising crime rates is community policing, which is a gradual and long-term process. To keep them motivated and involved, political and community leaders must be routinely updated on the status of community policing initiatives. The police organization must emphasize, from the top down, that the elimination of crime hotspots through community policing depends on ongoing cooperation between the police, the local government, public and private agencies, and people of the community. This collaboration is essential to reducing crime and reviving our communities.

References

Burton, S., & McGregor, M. (2018). Enhancing SARA: a new approach in an increasingly complex world. Crime Science, 7(1), 1-5.

Edmunds, K., Wall, L., Brown, S., Searles, A., Shakeshaft, A. P., & Doran, C. M. (2021). Exploring community-based options for reducing youth crime. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(10), 5097.

Koper, C. S., Lum, C., Wu, X., & Hegarty, T. (2021). The long-term and system-level impacts of institutionalizing hot spot policing in a small city. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 15(2), 1110-1128.

Weisburd, D., White, C., Wire, S., & Wilson, D. B. (2021). Enhancing informal social controls to reduce crime: Evidence from a study of crime hot spots. Prevention Science, 22(4), 509-522.

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Comment by Geoffrey: Hello, Treylesia! My name is Geoffrey, and I will be your OWC tutor. I will be making notes on the strengths and weaknesses of your assignment using the latest (7th) edition of The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. However, if your professor advises you to format or cite something differently, you should always default to your professor.   Also, I will not be addressing every individual error in the assignment. Rather, problems will be addressed one time. I will include the phrase “apply throughout” in that comment if the same issue occurs elsewhere in the paper. I will also include links to helpful OWC resources when applicable.   Disclaimer: Remember that the OWC is not an editing service. Our comments and suggestions are not exhaustive. Our service is designed to help you recognize and correct your writing so that you can become a better writer. Except where otherwise noted, formatting suggestions follow the latest (7th) edition of The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. If in doubt about whether to use the 7th edition, please consult your professor. Comment by Geoffrey: In the header of all pages, flush left, is the running head, an abbreviated form of your paper’s title in ALL CAPS. Do not include the label “Running head” to identify the running head on any page. (APA 2.8). See the OWC APA Format Quick Guide for more help.  Comment by Geoffrey: Use the same font throughout the paper, including the running head and the page numbers (APA 2.19). For example, if your body of the paper is Times New Roman 12-point font, then all elements of the paper should conform to this. See the OWC APA Format Quick Guide for more help.

Effect of Community Oriented Policing in Reducing Crime in Crime Hotspot Areas

Treylesia Alston

Liberty University

GRST501

Professor Perez

July 24, 2022 Comment by Geoffrey: ***The course number, professor’s name, and date are not included on the title page. APA title page elements for the professional version (used by graduate and doctoral students) are to be centered and double-spaced, 3 or 4 lines down from the top margin. They should include the paper’s title (in bold), a blank double-spaced line below the title, and the author’s name and the institution affiliation below the author’s name (APA 2.3). They should be black color. See the OWC APA Format Quick Guide for more help.  

Comment by Geoffrey: APA requires an author note in the bottom half of the title page to provide an additional information about authors, study registration, data sharing, disclaimers, or statements regarding conflicts of interest, and help or funding that supported the research (APA 2.7). Here is a link to the sample APA professional paper for additional help with the author note and title page: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2020/04/Sample-Paper-APA-7th-professional-version-06172020.pdf

Abstract Comment by Geoffrey: ***This is a section label, which means it should be centered and bolded on the top line of the page (APA 2.28). See the OWC APA Format Quick Guide for more help.  Comment by Geoffrey: Make sure the entire paper is double spaced with no additional spaces before or after section labels, headings, or paragraphs (APA 2.21). To fix this, change the spacing before and after to “0” in the line spacing options. See the OWC APA Format Quick Guide for more help. 

Crime researchers and practitioners have recently drawn attention to the possible importance of concentrating efforts on crime hotspots. According to a number of studies, crime is significantly concentrated in small areas, or “hot spots,” where it accounts for half of all criminal activities. Researchers contend that if police officers concentrated their efforts on these hotspot locations, many crime issues could be reduced more effectively. The appeal of concentrating scarce resources on a select group of high-crime locations can be a success by employing pro-active problem-solving mechanism known as community policy. Community policing law enforcers are able to create a rapport with the community members making it easier to spot the criminals and create awareness on crime issues. This makes the members of the community more open to joined effort by the police and a community free of crime. If crime can be stopped in certain high-crime areas, overall crime rates may go down. Comment by Geoffrey: ***Don’t forget your keywords. Keywords are words, phrases, or acronyms that describe the most important aspects of your paper. They are used for indexing in databases and help readers find your work during a search. Write the label “Keywords:” (in italics) directly below the abstract, indented 0.5”, followed by the list of keywords in lowercase and not italicized. Keywords should be the same font and font size as the rest of the text (APA 2.19). See the OWC APA Format Quick Guide for more help.

Introduction Comment by Geoffrey: ***There is no need for an introduction heading. The title belongs at the top of the first page of the body at the one-inch margin, centered, bolded, with title case. Use normal style and a standard Times New Roman font size 12. After one double-spaced line, begin the content of the paper (APA 2.27).  See the OWC APA Format Quick Guide for more help. 

Crime researchers and practitioners have noted throughout the past 30 years the potential advantages of concentrating crime prevention efforts on crime hotspots. Numerous studies indicate that crime is not distributed uniformly throughout urban areas. Instead, there is a sizable concentration of crime in confined areas, or “hot spots,” which account for half of all criminal activity. Even in the most criminalized neighborhoods, crime concentrates in a few specific places, while other regions are comparatively crime-free (Koper, et al., 2021). This notion of crime concentrations has been supported by more recent research, which supports the idea that there is a “law of crime concentration” at certain locations, demonstrating not only that crime is concentrated but also that it is concentrated at comparable levels across cities and over time. Researchers have proposed that community policing, which focuses police officers' attention on these chronic high-activity crime sites, can help reduce crime more effectively than other methods. The goal of this policing method is to build ties with the local population. Full-service police is a highly personalized attitude where an officer patrols the same area for a while and forms a relationship with the community to understand problems and find solutions. Comment by Geoffrey: ***There is no comma between the author’s name and et al. (APA 8.17). For example, (Smith et al., 2019) See the OWC APA Format Quick Guide for more help.  Apply throughout.

Effect of community-oriented policing in reducing crime in crime hotspot areas Comment by Geoffrey: ***This is a Level 1 heading. Level 1 headings are centered, boldface, in title case (all major words capitalized). (APA 2.27).  See the OWC APA Format Quick Guide for more help. 

Community policing places a strong emphasis on proactivity rather than just reactivity, which is one of its key defining characteristics. Police officers in high-crime areas concentrate on deterring crime by identifying its root causes. The SARA approach, which stands for scanning, analysis, reaction, and assessment, is one of the strategies they employ (Burton & McGregor, 2018). It has been found to be effective in lowering crime and raising officer knowledge of concerns in the community. Police officers may respond more quickly and more effectively by describing the issue and looking at its causes and effects. By doing this, we can also assess how well we responded and work to avoid similar problems in the future. Technology, data exchange, and collaboration, both inside the agency and outside all play significant roles in this. Partnerships with local governments, state and federal law enforcement, educators, health care providers, and other professionals have significantly boosted the resources and capability to address crime hotspots. Comment by Geoffrey: Good parenthetical citation! Comment by Geoffrey: ***Typically in a research paper, first person POV (I, me, we) is avoided. Double check with your professor about this. Comment by Geoffrey: ***This is an interrupter, which should be treated as a non-restrictive element. Commas are used to separate a non-restrictive element. A nonrestrictive element – one that is not essential to the basic meaning of the sentence – could be removed and the sentence would still make sense. Use commas to set off any nonrestrictive parts of a sentence. For example, instead of “James Bill’s father went into the garage,” the correct alternative would be “James, Bill’s father, went into the garage.” The reader does not need to know that James is Bill’s father to know the basic meaning of the sentence: James went into the garage. There is an excellent presentation on comma usage on the OWC’s website: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2022/06/Comma-Usage.pdf  Apply throughout.

In situations where the legitimacy of the state is questioned, collaboration between the police and the community has improved public trust and police capacity to enforce the law. The capacity of the state to provide public services is constrained by low legitimacy and a lack of confidence. This issue is particularly relevant to policing since, in order to provide services effectively and efficiently, especially in regions with high crime rates, officers require information about what is going on in the community (Weisburd, et al., 2021). The location of crime hotspots, information about suspicious individuals or activities, complaints of crimes that have already occurred, and information about the most important issues are all provided to the police by the public. The little resources the police have are allocated using this information to deter crime and maintain public safety. This entire system collapses when people lose faith in the cops. Comment by Geoffrey: ***Word choice error Few is regularly used with nouns that can be counted, e.g., “there are few details,” “he called a few times,” while little is mainly used with mass nouns (nouns that cannot be counted), e.g., “we have had little rainfall,” “she made a little money.” Refer to https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/little-a-little-few-a-few for further guidance. 

A successful community policing method lowers neighborhood crime, lowers residents' fear of crime, and improves the standard of living in the neighborhood. The provision of better services to neighborhoods is a key objective of community policing; as a result, customer satisfaction is a crucial indicator of efficiency. Essential components of the assessment process include community members' perceptions of progress and continual feedback from all segments of the community. Random and routinely conducted surveys provide the agency with information about how the public perceives police performance, the level of fear and concern, and the extent to which residents feel like they are involved in the community policing effort. Comment by Geoffrey: ***This paragraph is the perfect opportunity to incorporate some peer-reviewed journal articles to support this. I highly encourage you to include some stats from the peer-reviewed literature.

Community collaboration is one of the cornerstones of community policing. The quantity and nature of the community partnerships that have been developed will thus serve as an early indicator of effectiveness. To prevent crime hotspots and lessen the fear of crime in the neighborhood, community members must cooperate and participate. Identifying if issues have been resolved and evaluating the managers' and patrol officers' application of the community partnership and problem-solving elements of community policing are all parts of evaluating the success of such initiatives. Officers facilitate community support mobilization in community policing. Additionally, they serve as mediators in conflicts between people or groups, or they accept responsibility for forwarding issues to the proper government or social body. A sign that community policing strategies are effective is the efficient utilization of governmental and local agency resources in problem solutions. As a result, while evaluating the work of officers and the effectiveness of the program, the mobilization and wise application of community resources in problem-solving and the delicate management of dissension become crucial criteria.

In contrast, the major objective of community policing is to help the populace create and preserve a secure social environment. Community policing has other objectives in addition to apprehending criminals, but it is one of its main focuses. Through collaboration and community cooperation, community policing aims to address crime hotspots that are of concern to the community. According to research, the best ways to address the issues affecting the community involve interaction between the police, resources provided by the government, residents, and local businesses (Edmunds, et al., 2021). The public's confidence in the police and other law enforcement authorities is increased when there is a focus on community-oriented policing. The relationship between the police and the community is strengthened by community-oriented policing, which also increases public trust, community collaboration, and the efficacy and efficiency of the police and other law enforcement agencies in protecting lives, property, and human rights. Numerous channels exist for police to interact with the public, including polls, surveys, town hall meetings, call-in shows, and encounters with interest groups. They make use of these contacts to learn what the neighborhood expects of its police officers and what the neighborhood is prepared to do to address its crime issue. Comment by Geoffrey: ***In contrast to what?

Another sign of successful crime-reduction programs is raising levels of community involvement in these initiatives. Communities are more open to collaborating with the police in a number of ways, from repurposing vacant buildings as assets for the community to actively involving police in neighborhood watch programs or crime hotspots. People feel more comfortable sharing information about criminal behavior in the region because to community-based policing. In reality, as community trust and confidence in police abilities grow, calls to report crime may actually climb significantly as a result of the deployment of community policing. The dedication of more community resources to initiatives to reduce crime is a clear sign of community policing's effectiveness. The active involvement of public and private organizations, educational institutions, and the business community, as well as their financial support, shows the effectiveness of community partnership initiatives. Communities should start organizing and carrying out activities with limited oversight from the police. Comment by Geoffrey: ***Do you mean because of…? To is the wrong preposition here. A preposition shows relationships among other words in the sentence, such as direction, place, time, cause, manner, and amount. For example, in the sentence “Martha went to the store,” to is a preposition showing direction. In the sentence, “Joey came by bus,” by is a preposition showing the manner in which he came. Check out the writing resources on the OWC website.  Comment by Geoffrey: ***There should be no additional spaces after paragraphs (APA 2.21). See the OWC APA Format Quick Guide for more help. 

Conclusion

In conclusion, community policing requires sustained effort; it is not a temporary remedy. Building long-lasting relationships with the community and getting rid of the root causes of crime require preparation, adaptability, patience, and time. Management must emphasize to everyone inside and outside the organization that success is attained through a series of gradual improvements. Management can gauge progress by their performance in reaching intermediate targets. The solution to rising crime rates is community policing, which is a gradual and long-term process. To keep them motivated and involved, political and community leaders must be routinely updated on the status of community policing initiatives. The police organization must emphasize, from the top down, that the elimination of crime hotspots through community policing depends on ongoing cooperation between the police, the local government, public and private agencies, and people of the community. This collaboration is essential to reducing crime and reviving our communities. Comment by Geoffrey: Good concluding thoughts!

References Comment by Geoffrey: Make sure your centered items are not also indented, as this will mess up the centering.

Burton, S., & McGregor, M. (2018). Enhancing SARA: a new approach in an increasingly complex world. Crime Science, 7(1), 1-5. Comment by Geoffrey: Citations for a journal article must follow APA format. The general format is: Work Author’s Last Name, Work Author’s First Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of the article. Title of the Periodical, Volume number(Issue number), page range. DOI or URL. (APA 10.1, example 1). For example:     Harlow, H. F. (1983).      Fundamentals for      preparing psychology      journal articles. Journal of      Comparative and      Physiological Psychology,      55(1), 893-896.       doi.org/10.1037/h0043204   See the OWC APA Format Quick Guide for more help. Apply throughout.

Edmunds, K., Wall, L., Brown, S., Searles, A., Shakeshaft, A. P., & Doran, C. M. (2021). Exploring community-based options for reducing youth crime. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(10), 5097.

Koper, C. S., Lum, C., Wu, X., & Hegarty, T. (2021). The long-term and system-level impacts of institutionalizing hot spot policing in a small city. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 15(2), 1110-1128.

Weisburd, D., White, C., Wire, S., & Wilson, D. B. (2021). Enhancing informal social controls to reduce crime: Evidence from a study of crime hot spots. Prevention Science, 22(4), 509-522.

Comment by Geoffrey: It’s been a pleasure reviewing your paper, Treylesia! I think your writing is relatively clear and organized. I have noted some areas for improvement, especially concerning your title page, line spacing, and reference entries. In terms of next steps, you should address these areas first. If you are so inclined, please be sure to complete the Student Satisfaction Survey located at the bottom of your completed request. If you have any additional questions, please contact the OWC at <a href='/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection' cl

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