Psychology of Abnormal Behavior Discussion Topic Post your reactions and thoughts after viewing the video.?What did you find interesting? What did you learn about transg
Psychology of Abnormal Behavior
Discussion Topic
Post your reactions and thoughts after viewing the video. What did you find interesting? What did you learn about transgenders? How can we, as a society, become more inclusive and understanding towards transgender issues.
At least 250 words, response.
Video:
Course Materials
Kearney. C & Trull. T, Abnormal Psychology and Life: A Dimensional Approach, 3rd edition.
Cengage, 2018 -ISBN: 9781337273572( Mind Tap)
Normal Sexual Behavior and Sexual Dysfunctions: What Are they?
Sexual Dysfunctions: Features and Epidemiology
Stigma Associated with Sexual Dysfunctions
Sexual Dysfunctions: Causes and Prevention
Sexual Dysfunctions: Assessment and Treatment
Normal Sexual Desires, Sexual Desires, Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders: What Are They?
Paraphilic Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Paraphilic Disorders : Assessment and Treatment
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria: What Are They?
Gender Dysphoria: Features and Epidemiology
Gender Dysphoria: Causes and Prevention
Gender Dysphoria: Assessment and Treatment
Sexual dysfunctions involve disturbance of the normal sexual response cycle and may be lifelong or acquired.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Normal Sexual Behavior and Sexual Dysfunctions: What Are They?
Sexual dysfunctions involve problems with the human sexual response cycle or pain during intercourse.
Sexual dysfunction refers to problems of desire, arousal, orgasm, or pain during intercourse, and are considered problematic if they cause distress and interfere with sexual or interpersonal functioning.
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder involves lack of fantasies or desire to have sexual relations in men. If this is not a distressing situation to the person in question, the diagnosis would not apply.
Female sexual arousal disorder refers to lack of interest in or arousal in women during most sexual encounters.
Erectile disorder refers to difficulty obtaining or maintaining a full erection during sex.
DSM-5: Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
DSM-5: Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
DSM-5: Erectile Disorder
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Female Orgasmic Disorder
Some sexual dysfunctions involve the orgasmic phase of sexual relations. Female orgasmic disorder refers to a delay or absence
of orgasm during sexual relations (as shown here in Table 11.4; APA, 2013).
DSM-5: Delayed Ejaculation
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
DSM-5: Premature (Early) Ejaculation
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
DSM-5: Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Common
Increase with age
Co-morbid with one another
Co-morbid with anxiety and depression
May link to medical, substance, and cultural factors
Epidemiology of Sexual Dysfunctions
Sexual dysfunctions are common, increase with age, co-morbid with one another and with anxiety and depression, and may link to medical, substance, and cultural factors.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Negative mood
and expectancy
about gaining an erection
Focus on
consequences
of inability to
perform
Increased physical arousal
Intense focus on
consequences
of inability to
perform
Erectile
dysfunction and
avoidance of sex
Demands or expectations for sexual performance
Causes of Sexual Dysfunctions
An integrated causal approach to sexual dysfunctions likely involves a combination of biological events and expectations that negative events will occur during sex.
Biological risk factors include certain medical conditions and substance abuse. Psychological risk factors include anxiety or worry about pleasing oneself or one’s partner, including the spectator role. Other psychological factors include early negative sexual experiences and lack of knowledge about sex over time.
Cultural factors can influence whether or not an event or experience is viewed as sexual dysfunction or not.
Prevention of these disorders focuses primarily on relapse prevention.
Stigma Associated with Sexual Dysfunctions
Stigma associated with sexual dysfunctions can be quite powerful
For men, “impotence” or erectile dysfunction
For women, recurrent painful intercourse, infertility
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Focus on College Students: Sexual Dysfunctions
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Items from the Female Sexual Function Index
Over the past 4 weeks, how often did you feel sexual desire or interest?
5 = Almost always or always
4 = Most times (more than half the time)
3 = Sometimes (about half the time)
2 = A few times (less than half the time)
1 = Almost never or never
Assessment of Sexual Dysfunctions
Interviews for sexual dysfunctions cover sexual history, knowledge, beliefs, desires, and practices as well as relevant relationship issues.
Self-report questionnaires are useful for assessing sexual dysfunctions and focus on sexual satisfaction, arousal, anxiety, preferences, attitudes, and knowledge. Questionnaires may contain items like the one pictured here from the Female Sexual Function Index.
Self-monitoring is sometimes used as an assessment technique for sexual dysfunction.
Physiological assessment of sexual dysfunctions includes nocturnal penile testing and other methods.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Biological Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions
Penile implants help the male organ become rigid for penetration during sex.
Medical treatments for sexual dysfunctions are more available in recent years and include drugs such as Viagra, implants, vaginal lubricants, and hormone therapy.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Psychological Treatments of Sexual Dysfunctions
Sensate focus is a
sex therapy technique to enhance sexual pleasure for
a couple and reduce sexual dysfunction.
Psychological interventions for sexual dysfunctions concentrate on sex therapy. For example, to address premature ejaculation a stop-start procedure may be employed.
For low sexual desire, couples may be encouraged to use sensate focus which involves easing the pressure on sexual performance and concentrating on rebuilding their sexual repertoire.
Masturbation training may be used for people with orgasmic disorders. Pain during intercourse may be addressed in a variety of ways, including use of Kegel exercises.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Long-Term Outcomes for People with Sexual Dysfunctions
Positive outcomes
Good relationship quality
High partner motivation
Lack of comorbid disorders
People with sexual dysfunctions generally respond well to treatment, especially if the couple is attracted to one another, communicates well, and complies with treatment.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Normal Sexual Desires, Paraphilias, and Paraphilic Disorders
Paraphilias are preferential, intense, and persistent sexual interests that are odd, but may not be a mental disorder.
Paraphilic disorders include problems rising from some such interests and behavior, include exhibitionism, fetishism, frotteurism, pedophilia, sexual masochism and sadism, transvestism, and voyeurism.
DSM-5: Exhibitionistic Disorder
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the exposure of one’s genitals to an unsuspecting person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
The individual has acted on these sexual urges with a nonconsenting person, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Specify if sexually aroused by exposing genitals to prepubertal children, mature individuals, or both. Specify if in a controlled environment or in full remission.
DSM-5 Exhibitionistic Disorder
Exhibitionistic Disorder
The particular focus of exhibitionism, or flashing or indecent exposure, is exposing one’s genitals to strangers who do not expect the exposure.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Fetishistic Disorder
The particular focus of fetishism is “nonliving objects” to begin or enhance sexual arousal.
DSM-5: Frotteuristic Disorder
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Frotteuristic Disorder
People with frotteurism prefer crowded places such as subways to seek victims.
The particular focus of frotteurism is physical contact with someone who has not given consent.
DSM-5: Pedophilic Disorder
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Pedophilic Disorder
The particular focus of pedophilia is sexual attraction to a child. For example, Phillip Garrido (pictured here) kidnapped fifth-grader Jaycee Lee Dugard, holding her captive and fathering two children by her.
DSM-5: Sexual Masochism and Sexual Sadism
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
DSM-5: Transvestic Disorder
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Transvestic Disorder
People with transvestism cross-dress for sexual excitement, sometimes in public.
The particular focus of transvestic disorder (or transvestism) is identification with or dressing as the opposite gender
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Voyeuristic Disorder
The particular focus of voyeurism is secretly watching others undress or engage in sexual activity without being seen.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Epidemiology of Paraphilic Disorders
Charting the exact prevalence of paraphilias is difficult because the behaviors are usually secret and rarely brought to a therapist’s attention.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Frontal lobe
Cingulate gyrus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus
© photobank.ch/Shutterstock.com
Biological Risk Factors for Paraphilic Disorders
Paraphilias may relate to certain biological risk factors such as genetics, neuropsychological problems, and hormonal changes.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Poor social skills
Family variables
Learning experience
Cognitive distortions
Environmental Risk Factors for Paraphilic Disorders
Those with paraphilias may be introverted and have poor social and intimacy skills.
Family variables may contribute to paraphilias, including hostile family behaviors, poor attachment, and aggressive sexual activity within the home.
Paraphilias may come from learning experiences by associating a paraphilic object with masturbation and orgasm. Courtship problems may be learned as well.
People with paraphilias often have cognitive distortions to justify or rationalize their sexual behavior.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Biological predisposition toward hypersexuality
Problematic family environment: Inadequate attachment, maltreatment, poor development of social and sexual skills
Aberrant learning experiences regarding sexuality: Classical conditioning with odd sexual stimuli, deviant attachment and arousal to children, unusual fantasies reinforced by masturbation
Maladaptive cognitive and personality patterns: Rationalizations for odd sexual behavior, inability to suppress paraphilic thoughts, antisocial tendencies
Possible paraphilia
Causes of Paraphilic Disorders
The cause of paraphilias may involve hypersexuality, deviant sexual arousal, learning experiences, social skills deficits, and other important variables. Here is one possible developmental pathway showing how these are linked over time in a person’s experience.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Identity Disorder
Prevention of Paraphilic Disorders
Teaching appropriate social and sexual skills
Providing relapse prevention strategies
Preventing paraphilic disorders may involve teaching appropriate social and sexual skills as well as relapse prevention after one has been arrested or seeks treatment.
Offender has an unrelated victim (Yes = 1; No, related victims only = 0)
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Items from the Screening Scale for Pedophilic Interests
Offender has male victim (Yes = 2; No, female victims only = 0)
Offender has more than one victim (Yes = 1; No, single victim only = 0)
Offender has a victim aged 11 or younger (Yes = 1; No, child victims were 12 or 13 years old = 0)
Assessment of Paraphilic Disorders
Interviews with people with paraphilia often focus on paraphilic thoughts and behaviors as well as personality characteristics and comorbid problems.
Self-report questionnaires may be used to assess sexual history and unusual interests, hypersexuality, and sexually aggressive and pedophilic behavior.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Vaginal and rectal perineometers
A penile strain gauge
A vaginal photoplethysmograph
Biological Treatment of Paraphilic Disorders
Physiological assessment devices for sexual response.
Physiological assessment for paraphilias includes penile plethysmograph, vaginal blood volume, and measuring how long a person views erotic material.
Drug treatment for paraphilias aims to reduce testosterone and sex drive and to improve depression and compulsive behaviors.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Aversion treatment
Covert sensitization
Orgasmic reconditioning
Psychological Treatments of Paraphilic Disorders
Psychological treatments for paraphilias concentrate on aversion treatment to quell behavior, covert sensitization to punish the paraphilic urge, and orgasmic reconditioning associate pleasurable orgasm with more appropriate stimuli.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
78.6 – 95.6% respond positively to treatment
Long-Term Outcomes for People with Paraphilic Disorders
People with paraphilias do respond positively to treatment and tend not to be rearrested, though this may be due to reduced sex drive with age.
DSM-5: Gender Dysphoria (Part 1)
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
DSM-5: Gender Dysphoria (Part 2)
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender Development and Gender Dysphoria
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender
Development and
Gender Dysphoria
Gender Dysphoria: Features and Epidemiology
Young boys and girls typically play apart, but children with gender dysphoria may identify more with the opposite gender.
Gender dysphoria involves strong desire to be the opposite gender and strong dislike of one’s current sexual anatomy.
Gender dysphoria is quite rare, affecting .005 to .014% of men and .002-.003% of women.
No strong biological risk factors, including genetics, family history, and physical problems, have been supported. Some point to prenatal sex hormones as somehow related to the disorder. Exposure to opposite-gender hormones such as testosterone sometimes relates
Psychological risk factors include relationship problems with family and peers.
The diagnosis of gender dysphoria is not universally valid across cultures.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender
Development and
Gender Dysphoria
Biological & Psychological Treatment of Gender Dysphoria
Caitlyn Jenner has made headlines with her recent gender transition.
The primary biological intervention for gender dysphoria, particularly in adults, is sex reassignment surgery in which external genitalia and bodily features are modified to fit the characteristics of the opposite sex.
Psychological interventions for gender dysphoria focus on changing cross-gender behaviors.
Sexual Dysfunctions
Normal Sexual Desires and Sexual Disorders/Paraphilias
Normal Gender
Development and
Gender Dysphoria
Long-Term Outcomes for People with Gender Dysphoria
Children with gender dysphoria are thought to respond to behavior therapy better than adolescents
Youths who continue to show intense cross-gender behavior throughout their childhood may be more likely to develop gender dysphoria, especially for girls
Children with gender dysphoria are thought to respond to behavior therapy better than adolescents with the disorder because their sense of gender orientation as youngsters is more flexible. Adolescents and adults with gender dysphoria may be more successfully treated via sex reassignment surgery.
Chapter Reflections
What is the impact of the Internet on sexual fantasies and behaviors?
What separates “normal” sexual activity from “abnormal” sexual activity?
How would you respond to cross-gender behaviors in your child?
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