July 4, 2022

Attached are the powerpoints created from the book to answer qustions as well as a start to a rough draft for the answers.? READING ASSIGNMENT #1–(Chapters 1, 2 & 3) ? ?

Attached are the powerpoints created from the book to answer qustions as well as a start to a rough draft for the answers.

READING ASSIGNMENT #1–(Chapters 1, 2 & 3) – READING ASSIGNMENT #1–(Chapters 1, 2 & 3) – Concepts of Terrorism and Historical Chapter 1 • The Shifting Definition of Terrorism; Chapter 2 • Practical Criminology, Radicalization, and Types of Terrorism; Chapter 3 • Terrorist Financing and Money Laundering

Assignment Type: Canvas

Due Date: July 5, 2022 (Open until the July 10)

Possible Points: 100

Duration: 4-6 Hours

Deliverable Length: 5-6 pages. TEXTBOOK REFERENCES REQUIRED

Answer the following questions listed below:

1. Explain the reason terrorism is difficult to define.

2. Explain the importance of defining terrorism.

3. List the differences between terrorists and ordinary criminals.

4. Identify three different types of terrorism.

5. Define lone wolf terrorism.

6. Compare terrorist financing and money laundering.

7. Describe the Hawala system.

Assignment #1

Brandi Ingram

Dr. Singh

International Terrorism

Grambling State University

07/04/2022

Why is Terrorism Difficult to Define?

The word terrorism can be a word of many definitions. It is considered hard to define because “it is defined by different people within vacillating social and political realities,” this can be described as a social construct. The word terrorism suggests a variety of politically charged responses. The word has different meanings in different periods of time, it also has different meanings in different contexts within the same period of time.

Importance of Defining Terrorism

When the term terrorism was first introduced in Western History, governments adjusted their policies based on the way they defined terrorism. It described the actions of the new government in the French Revolution. The meaning shifted away from governmental repression to the resistance of some people to governments.

Differences Between Terrorists and Ordinary Criminals

Terrorists commit crimes a they struggle for a cause, focus their actions toward a goal, are dedicated to a cause, rarely cooperate with officials because they do not wish to betray their cause, tend to attack, strike against targets after careful planning, and prepare for and rehearse their operations.

Criminals are unfocused, are not devoted to crime as a philosophy, will make deals to avoid punishment, usually run when confronted with force, strike when the opportunity to do so is present, and rarely train for the crime.

Three Types of Terrorism

Terrorsim can be broken down into three parts: Lone-Wolf, Small Group, and Large Groups.

Define Lone Wolf Terrorism

Lone wolf terrorism can be defined as a person who has a particular ideology but isn’t part of a group; has to find some type of justification for his or her actions, and religion provides the perfect path. They have special, narcissistic relationships with their deities. Create a God in their own image, become ultimate loners, and most difficult type of terrorist to deter or detain.

Terrorist Financing and Money Laundering

Hawala System

The Hawala System was when Caravan leaders would visit merchants and pay for goods with a promissory note. When the Caravan would reach its destination, the leader sold goods and the distributors would pay the caravan leader with a promissory note, the leader would then return home, present the note and the local chit dealer paid the debt.

Terrorism and Homeland Security, 9e

CHAPTER 1 Jonathan R. White

Learning Objectives, Part 1

Explain the reason terrorism is difficult to define.

Summarize the impact of context on definitions of terrorism.

Explain the importance of defining terrorism.

Outline contemporary attempts to define terrorism.

Explain where the term terrorism originated and how the meaning changed during the history of the nineteenth century.

Learning Objectives, Part 2

Explain how socialism, anarchism, and communism were mistakenly associated with terrorism.

Summarize the differing meanings of terrorism in Russia from the Peoples’ Will through the rise of Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin.

Summarize the early history of the Irish Republican Army.

Define the term selective terrorism as used by Michael Collins.

The Difficulty with Definitions, Part 1

Terrorism is difficult to define.

It is a social construct—terrorism is defined by different people within vacillating social and political realities.

The Difficulty with Definitions, Part 2

The term has spawned heated debate because it is nebulous and pejorative.

The term evokes a variety of politically charged responses.

As a result, there are many definitions of terrorism and no single accepted understanding.

Influence of Social Construct, Part 1

Terrorism is defined within social and political contexts.

Different meanings in different periods of time.

Different meanings in different contexts within the same period of time.

Primary reason no single definition of terrorism will ever be successful.

Influence of Social Construct, Part 2

Social context influences definition of terrorism, for example:

U.S. State Department Anti-Terrorism Assistance views Hezbollah as terrorist group; Jordanians’ view Hezbollah as a legitimate militia.

Israel views their actions as a means of self-defense; Lebanon views the same actions as acts of terrorism.

Influence of Social Construct, Part 3

When the term terrorism was first introduced in Western history, governments adjusted their policies based on the way they defined terrorism.

This process is evidenced by recent changes in American defense and law enforcement policy.

French Revolution, Part 1

The French Revolution was the first revolution in the modern sense of the word.

The term terrorism appeared during the French Revolution.

Terrorism described the actions of the new government.

French Revolution, Part 2

The meaning of terrorism underwent a subtle transformation during the Napoleonic Wars.

The meaning shifted away from governmental repression to the resistance of some people to governments.

This definitional change would continue through the 19th century.

Guerrillas and the Spanish Peninsula

In Spain, guerrilla warfare served as an asymmetrical method of resisting the French revolutionary army.

Guerrilla warfare signaled an ideological transformation in the meaning of war.

Guerrilla movements helped to set the stage for terrorism.

1848 and the Radical Democrats

When a small minority of the radical democrats called for violence and terrorism people with political power began to label all types of activism, violent or not, as terrorism.

Terrorism as it is known today came into its infancy.

Socialism, Anarchism, and Communism, Part 1

Three strains of radical democrats coalesced after the failed revolutions of 1848:

Communists

Socialists

Anarchists

Socialism, Anarchism, and Communism, Part 2

Socialism: refers to controlling an economy by direct democracy and utilizing economic profits to ensure the well-being of citizens.

Socialists believed that a strong state would ensure that profits from industry were distributed in an egalitarian manner.

Socialism, Anarchism, and Communism, Part 3

Anarchism is a philosophical concept originating in ancient Greece.

In the 18th century anarchists generally disavowed the power of national governments.

Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)

Socialism, Anarchism, and Communism, Part 4

Communism: in its ideal form is socialism where economic production and profits are owned and distributed by workers.

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)

Violent Anarchism

Socialists and anarchists debated the efficacy and morality of violence, and most of the people who called for revolution spoke of mass action, not individual violence.

Walter Lacquer says socialists and anarchists rejected terrorism on practical and theoretical grounds.

Richard Jensen believes that the initial calls in history for revolution cannot be associated with terrorism.

Several factors merged to create a culture of terrorism among some members of the anarchist movement.

With the invention of dynamite, a small group had a technological force multiplier that allowed it to launch a major attack.

Anarchism and Nationalism, Part 1

Terrorism in the modern sense came from violent anarchists in the late 1800s.

The most successful actions took place in Russia before the 1905 and 1917 revolutions.

Anarchist groups assassinated several Russian officials, including the czar.

Anarchism and Nationalism, Part 2

Anarchism spread to the United States in the form of labor violence.

American anarchists saw themselves linked to organized labor.

The Peoples’ Will

Narodnaya Voyla (the Peoples’ Will) advocated violent socialist revolution.

Violent revolution was espoused by Russian writers; however, no single theme dominated the revolutionaries until it was imposed by the state under Lenin.

Members of the Peoples’ Will came to believe that it was necessary to terrorize conservative organizations into submission.

Russia After 1850

Three groups in Russia after 1850 felt that they could reform and modernize the Russian state:

Czar Alexander’s followers wanted to modernize Russia from the top down.

The intellectuals wanted Russia to become a liberal Western democracy.

Violent anarchists believed revolution was the answer.

Lenin and Trotsky

Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) and Leon Trotsky (1879–1940) believed that terrorism should be used as an instrument for overthrowing the bourgeois, governments.

Once power was achieved, Lenin and Trotsky advocated terrorism as a means of controlling internal enemies.

Irish Republic Army – Early History, Part 1

The Irish have never ruled their island as a single political entity, and the Irish have experienced some type of foreign domination for hundreds of centuries.

By the 20th century the struggle in Ireland became a matter of the divisions between:

Unionists, people wanting to remain in the Great Britain and Ireland, and

Republicans, people wanting independence.

Irish Republic Army – Early History, Part 2

The Republican military solution came when the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) formed in the 1850s.

Irish Republican Army (IRA) began with a campaign of violence sponsored by the IRB in the late 1800s.

The Easter Rising, Part 1

The British had promised home rule to Ireland when World War I came to an end.

Easter in 1916, Patrick Pearse and James Connolly led a revolt in Dublin.

The 1916 Easter Rising enjoyed local success because it surprised everyone.

The Easter Rising, Part 2

The British handed down several dozen death sentences and imprisoned hundreds more for the Easter Rising.

British actions virtually empowered Sinn Fein.

Public sympathy shifted to the rebels.

The Black and Tan War (1920 to 1921)

Sinn Fein, the political party of Irish republicanism, continued its activities in spite of the failure of the Easter Rising.

British government rejected Home Rule at the end of WWI.

Sinn Fein moved into the arena by discrediting the Parliamentary Party.

Moderation fell to the wayside as extreme republicanism increased.

Selective Terror, Part 1

Michael Collins developed a strategy called “selective terrorism.”

Collins reasoned that indiscriminate terror was of no value.

Random or large-scale attacks would alienate public opinion.

Selective Terror, Part 2

To be effective, terrorism had to selectively and ruthlessly target security forces and their symbols of authority.

Collins’s men ambushed off-duty police and intelligence officers and murdered them.

In crowded areas, IRA terrorists would throw bombs and shoot police officers, then disappear before authorities could respond.

Separation and Independence

In 1921, southern Ireland became the Free State – the Republic of Ireland.

Collins along the majority of people in Ireland accepted the treaty.

The IRA did not.

A civil war broke out in the newly formed republic—Ireland became a divided country.

Chapter Take-Aways

Terrorism is defined within social and political contexts and means different things in different time periods.

Definitions of terrorism are important to guide policy.

Terrorism originated during the French Revolution. By century’s end it was used as a label for anarchists and nationalists.

Socialism refers to controlling an economy by direct democracy and utilizing economic profits to ensure the well being of citizens. Anarchism is a philosophical concept originating in ancient Greece. Communism in its ideal form is socialism where economic production and profits are owned and distributed by workers.

Terrorism and Homeland Security, 9e

CHAPTER 2 Jonathan R. White

Learning Objectives, Part 1

Explain the value of practical criminology for law enforcement and security forces.

List the differences between terrorists and ordinary criminals.

Explain the importance of radicalization and alienation.

Summarize two recent case studies of radicalization.

Describe the opposing views about prison radicalization.

Learning Objectives, Part 2

Summarize the controversy regarding the use of the concept of radicalization.

Identify three different types of terrorism.

Define lone wolf terrorism.

Explain the ways small and large groups use terrorism.

Describe the manner in which guerrillas and insurgents use terrorism.

Criminology

Criminology as applied to terrorism looks at prevention and apprehension.

Terrorists commit crimes as they struggle for a cause; they sets them apart from ordinary street criminals.

As first responders, law enforcement personnel must recognize the differences between typical criminal behavior and terrorist activity.

Practical Behavioral Differences

Terrorists

Focus their actions toward a goal

Are dedicated to a cause

Rarely cooperate with officials because they do not wish to betray their cause

Tend to attack

Strike against targets after careful planning

Prepare for and rehearse their operations

Criminals

Are unfocused

Are not devoted to crime as a philosophy

Will make deals to avoid punishment

Usually run when confronted with force

Strike when the opportunity to do so is present

Rarely train for crime

Radicalization and Alienation

As with other areas of terrorism, the areas of radicalization and alienation are fraught with differing views and suggestions for research.

Researchers will obtain more fruitful results by examining militant ideology and finding the concepts that are shown to attract followers.

Research Criticized

The idea that research in radicalization and alienation will produce valuable knowledge is debated.

No general consensus about the definition of radicalization.

Term is utilized in a variety of different contexts.

Suggested that more beneficial results would be gained through the examination of militant ideology and concepts that attract followers.

Research in Group Processes

A number of researchers believe members of terrorist groups go through decision-making processes as they are being radicalized.

The general knowledge of radicalization is incomplete.

Path and Routes

Horgan believes researchers should search for the “routes to terrorism.”

Horgan is concerned with:

The psychological processes that lead people to terrorist groups.

The issues that keep them in the group.

The support for people who want to leave.

Sageman’s Model

Radicalization is a six-step framework.

Alienated young man

Meets other alienated young men and form bond

Groups gravitate toward religion

Religion interpreted in militant terms

Militant group meets terrorist contact

Militants join terrorists as a group decision

Cases of Radicalization

Individual cases in the U.S.:

Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab

Destroy a Northwest airliner as it entered American airspace.

James W. von Brunn

Shooting in the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.

Omar Hammami – Muslim father and Christian mother – identity conflict

His identity conflict ended when he embraced a violent, intolerant form of Islam to become a commander in Al Shabaab.

Commonalities in Radicalization

Using previous three individuals – several common forms of behavior.

First all three men all came from well-to-do, middle-class environments.

The New York Times reports that most international attacks against the U.S. in the 21st Century have come from well-educated terrorists from the middle class.

Second, all three men became deeply angered and filled with moral indignation.

Alienated from mainstream thought as they expressed anger, and they sought to address their situations by doing something meaningful.

Lastly, there was some type of event that triggered their final decision to take violent action.

Individual Radicalization

Evidence suggests radicalization is not always a group process.

At the least, it involves individual reflection whether a group plays a role or not.

Research indicates individual psychological and sociological factors create the framework for interpreting reality.

Groups in Prison

Recent reports suggest that groups are being radicalized in prison.

A leader often targets selected prisoners or dominates new inmates using intimidation to force them until they join the group.

Mark Hamm maintains recruitment is similar to procedures used by street gangs.

Questioning Prison Radicalization

Many terrorists have been in prison, but there is scant evidence that they were radicalized within the walls.

Exposure to radical theology was the most common denominator in their decision to engage in violence.

Terrorists should be separated from the general population to eliminate their influence.

Rejecting the Term

Some scholars question the value of the term.

Others vehemently reject it.

From the perspective of practical criminology, some practitioners believe that research in radicalization and alienation will produce valuable knowledge.

Neither scholars nor practitioners are quite sure about the meaning of radicalization.

Models of Terrorism

Three models represent general trends from 1945 to the present: (1) Lone Wolf, (2) Small group, (3) Tactics of insurgencies and guerrilla movements

Models help to explain the evolution and practice of contemporary terrorism.

They embody the philosophy behind particular types of terrorist movements.

Lone Wolf, Part 1

Religion helps to produce the lone-wolf avenger:

A person who has a particular ideology but isn’t part of a group

An individual lone-wolf avenger needs to find some type of justification for his or her actions, and religion provides the perfect path.

Lone Wolf, Part 2

Lone-wolf avengers have a special, narcissistic relationship with their deities.

They create a god in their own image.

They become the ultimate loners—they are the most difficult type of terrorist to deter or detain.

Small Group Terrorism

The model for modern urban terrorism was intellectually championed by Frantz Fanon.

He produced two works as a result of his Algerian experiences:

The Wretched of the Earth (1982)

A Dying Colonialism (1965)

Frantz Fanon, Part 1

Western powers have dehumanized non-Western people by destroying their cultures and replacing them with Western values.

Decolonization was destined to be a violent process.

Achieving freedom was inherently violent.

Frantz Fanon, Part 2

Guerrilla warfare and individual acts of terrorism as tools of revolution.

Fanon argued that terrorism should not be used against the native population in general.

His proposed two targets for terrorism:

White settlers

Native middle class

Carlos Marighella

Brazilian legislator

Nationalistic Communist Party leader

Revolutionary terrorist

Designed practical guides for terrorism that have been employed for more than 40 years

Wanted to move violence from the countryside to the city

Guerrilla Warfare

The Cuban Revolution popularized guerrilla warfare throughout the world.

Guerrilla revolutions based on the Cuban experience are typified by three phases:

Phase one begins with isolated groups.

Phase two merges groups into guerrilla columns.

Phase three brings columns together in a conventional army.

Insurgency, Part 1

Focus on insurgency due to a small group of officers who began looking at military failures during the Vietnam War

Impossible to fight insurgencies with military tactics designed for terrorism or guerilla war

Insurgency, Part 2

At the end of the Cold War, various insurgencies began growing in the vacuums left by the superpowers.

Technology and weapons helped many insurgencies grow.

New political atmosphere made the rise of organizations like al Qaeda possible.

Chapter Take-Aways

Theories of terrorism are important, but law enforcement, intelligence, and military forces are also served by developing a practical understanding of the type of terrorism they are facing.

Radicalization is the process of adopting violent extremist views and acting them out with terrorist actions. Many social scientists believe this is caused by alienation.

Three types of terrorism involve lone wolves, small groups, and large groups. Lone wolf violence seems to be increasing and some groups encourage it.

Terrorism and Homeland Security, 9e

CHAPTER 3 Jonathan R. White

Learning Objectives, Part 1

Define money laundering.

Define terrorist financing.

Compare terrorist financing and money laundering.

Describe national and international efforts to control terrorist financing.

Outline financial intelligence gathering and investigative efforts.

Learning Objective, Part 2

Summarize illegal and legal methods of terrorist funding.

Describe networks and systems in informal economies.

Describe the Hawala system.

Summarize views on the political economy of terrorism.

Summarize the debate about narcoterrorism.

Financial Flows

Terrorists need money to run an operation; political violence requires financial backing.

Methods of terrorist financing had changed over time.

The Capone discovery; that is, it developed an organized crime network to finance its operations.

The awareness of the importance of financing began to evolve slowly.

A terrorist operation does not cost a lot of money, but the overall budget for a campaign is quite high.

Money Laundering

Money in laundered in three steps.

Placement involves putting criminal proceeds in the legitimate financial system.

Placement can take place in a single action, such as showing the monetary gains as profits, or it may be laundered through repeated transactions to conceal it origins. This second process is called is called layering.

The final step is Integration. This involves assimilating illegally obtained money in the formal economy and giving funds the appearance of legitimacy.

The Black Market Peso Exchange

In the Peso Exchange, drug dealers sell their products in the United States and accumulate large amounts of U.S. currency.

They sell the money to brokers in Colombia, who pay the dealers in Colombian pesos.

This creates no financial record in the United States.

The money brokers buy consumer goods in Colombia at greatly inflated prices.

Comparing Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing

Financial analysts and economists have begun to question the logic of linking the two concepts. Similarities may come into play when using underground networks because terrorists and criminals move along the same routes.

Roberto Durriue points out that terrorists may need to make the money dirty.

This process involves hiding the legal origin of money used to support terrorism.

Toward a Theory of Terrorist Financing

The quantity of money needed

The need for legitimacy

Security of assets

The sources of income

The ability to control the flow of resources

The simplicity of a group’s financial system

Efforts to Control Terrorist Financing: Regulation and Enforcement

Mistake to equate terrorist financing with money laundering

Some think the United States needs to place more emphasis on terrorist financing.

The joint European and American initiative, the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program (TFTP):

Began as a secret American intelligence gathering program

Eventually emerged as a formal regulatory agency

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Attached are the powerpoints created from the book to answer qustions as well as a start to a rough draft for the answers.? READING ASSIGNMENT #1–(Chapters 1, 2 & 3) ? ?

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