Prompt To complete this assignment, you will write a short paper to share your research findings on the chosen health law or policy. Essentially, you will select
Prompt
To complete this assignment, you will write a short paper to share your research findings on the chosen health law or policy. Essentially, you will select one healthcare policy or law in the United States and conduct research to understand its history and importance in the decision-making process. Using Bardach’s eightfold path model, you will analyze the policy and explain the role of stakeholders in policy or law reformation. Last, you will describe the key stakeholders you identified as drivers for your chosen policy or law.
You must cite at least three sources to support your claims. For additional help with completing this assignment, refer to the Shapiro Library Guide: Nursing – Graduate item in the Start Here module. You may also use the Online Writing Center, located in the Academic Support module.
Specifically, you must address the following rubric criteria:
- Selection of the Policy or Law: Describe the policy or law you have selected, explaining why you have chosen this policy or law.
- History of Policy or Law: Describe the history of the policy or law you have chosen, explaining why it is essential. Consider the following questions in your response:
- Why is understanding the history of the policy or law essential in decision making about the policy or law?
- What are the three significant milestones and driving factors in the history of the chosen policy or law?
- Influence of Stakeholders and Interest Groups: Using Bardach’s eightfold path model, describe how stakeholders and interest groups can be involved when approaching change in the chosen policy or law. Consider the following questions in your response:
- Who are the key stakeholders and interest groups for the selected policy or law?
- What could be the impact of noninvolvement of stakeholders and interest groups in policy or law reformation?
- How do the needs and interests of stakeholders and interest groups impact the change in the chosen policy or law?
- Key Drivers of Policy or Law: Explain how stakeholders were key drivers for the chosen policy or law. Consider the following questions in your response:
- Which key stakeholders are key drivers as well for the policy or law?
- Which stakeholders and/or interest groups are most impacted by the chosen policy or law?
- Proposed Changes or Amendments: Explain what you would like to see changed in the chosen policy or law and why. Consider the following questions in your response:
- How will you approach the change implementation process?
- In five years, how will historical reviewers view your proposed changes?
- How will these changes benefit underserved/vulnerable populations?
Health Policy Project 2
Precious Teasley
Southern New Hampshire University
Health Policy and Law 22TW5
Dr. Jim Dockins
June 25,2022
Health Policy Project 2
Introduction
Health Policy Issue: The selected policy in Health Policy Issue Option 3: Adult Immunization. Communicable diseases do not affect children only but adults too in the process (Kim et al., 2019). In this way, adults need to get immunized against communicable diseases. The idea to peg the immunization on a specific state job is done to eliminate or deal with people who may resist getting an immunization. It is because of the significance of immunization to control communicable illnesses that I chose this policy option (National Vaccine Advisory Committee, 2012). To someone who has not had the policy before, the adult immunization policy will help explain the significance of immunization to adults by providing information on available vaccines and by debunking myths around the vaccine to reduce or eliminate vaccine hesitancy.
Key Stakeholders and Interest Groups: The stakeholders in this issue include people aged 18 years and above, human rights groups, state agencies, public health professionals, legislatures, community pharmacies, pharmaceutical companies, primary care doctors, consumers, pharmacists, and other alternative places of treatment, opinion leaders and media (Kim et al., 2019). Vulnerable populations may be underserved by the issue because they may not be able to receive information, or access vaccination or their interests may not be considered when developing and implementing the policy. Lack of information may hinder the implementation of the policy because of the high rate of vaccine hesitancy among the vulnerable populations.
Influence on Decision Making
Stakeholder Needs: Some of the stakeholder needs in the current issue include vaccines, access, and the presence of medical professionals to provide the vaccines or immunize the adults (Williams et al., 2015). Access to information, access to safe vaccines, access to vaccination centers, and training in some instances. The need to understand the underlying effects of the vaccine among others. In any public health practice, information is very important as it helps the stakeholders to understand the program and respond to it positively. Again, in the current issue, some of the vulnerable populations may include pregnant women and people with chronic illnesses (Kim et al., 2019). The impacts of the vaccines on the vulnerable populations and their concerns must be addressed before the program is initiated.
Health Policy Influence: Human rights and civil rights groups play an important role in influencing policy success in society. Approval of the policy by the groups will increase the number of adults getting vaccinated (National Vaccine Advisory Committee, 2012). Secondly, the media will influence the success of the policy since it will provide the information required for other stakeholders to understand the policy and accept or reject it. The adults or targeted group will also have a huge impact on the success of the policy because they are the persons directly impacted by the policy (Williams et al., 2015). Their hesitancy to the vaccine will contribute to low policy implementation success. Stakeholders with low influence on the issue include pharmacies, pharmacists, and opinion leaders.
Benefits and Disadvantages: The issue will benefit adults with communicable or who are at risk of acquiring communicable illnesses. Secondly, public health professionals will also benefit from the issue because they will be able to reduce the number of communicable disease cases they deal with in the community (Williams et al., 2015). Thirdly, the community will benefit from the issue because the number of people with communicable diseases will reduce significantly. Those who may be disadvantaged include adults living with vulnerable illnesses because their concerns may not be considered hence the vaccine may negatively impact their health. The other group is pregnant women who may not be able to receive the vaccine because of its impacts on their unborn babies (National Vaccine Advisory Committee, 2012). Finally, state agencies may be disadvantaged because they may not be able to employ highly talented persons who have not been immunized because of the policy.
Value Conflict Analysis: Adults who are directly impacted by the policy may not see the value of immunization because they may believe that they have developed sufficient immunity. This may pose a conflict with the public health professionals who will be providing the vaccine and feel that the adult needs the vaccine (National Vaccine Advisory Committee, 2012). Secondly, another value interest may exist between the policy legislatures and the implementers (public health professionals) on the issues relating to vulnerable populations that need to be considered during the policy implementation.
References
Kim, D. K., Hunter, P., & Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices†. (2019). Recommended adult immunization schedule, United States, 2019. Annals of internal medicine, 170(3), 182-192.
National Vaccine Advisory Committee. (2012). A pathway to leadership for adult immunization: recommendations of the National Vaccine Advisory Committee: approved by the National Vaccine Advisory Committee on June 14, 2011. Public health reports (Washington, DC: 1974), 127(Suppl 1), 1-42.
Williams, W. W., Lu, P. J., O'Halloran, A., Bridges, C. B., Kim, D. K., Pilishvili, T., … & Markowitz, L. E. (2015). Vaccination coverage among adults, excluding influenza vaccination—the United States, 2013. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(4), 95.
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Overview
History tells us how we got where we are. Before trying to change something as complex as the healthcare system, it is
essen!al to understand why it is structured the way it is. Today’s healthcare system in the United States is complex and
significantly different from what it used to be. The healthcare system has not only undergone dras!c changes in past decades
but also con!nues to evolve. What are the factors that are driving the changes? How is healthcare delivered differently from
in the past? How are the changes impac!ng stakeholders? All of these are important ques!ons to ask in order to achieve
con!nuous improvement in the healthcare system.
This assignment will help you explore the history of the healthcare system in the United States and analyze the importance of
history in reforming the policies and laws for improvement. You will analyze the influence of stakeholders on the forma!on
and reforma!on of policies and laws. Also, you will describe how the needs and interests of stakeholders and interest groups
influence the decision-making process. This assignment will help you understand how the healthcare system has evolved in
the United States and the role of stakeholders in this evolu!on.
Prompt
To complete this assignment, you will write a short paper to share your research findings on the chosen health law or policy.
Essen!ally, you will select one healthcare policy or law in the United States and conduct research to understand its history
and importance in the decision-making process. Using Bardach’s eigh#old path model, you will analyze the policy and explain
the role of stakeholders in policy or law reforma!on. Last, you will describe the key stakeholders you iden!fied as drivers for
your chosen policy or law.
You must cite at least three sources to support your claims. For addi!onal help with comple!ng this assignment, refer to the
Shapiro Library Guide: Nursing – Graduate item in the Start Here module. You may also use the Online Wri!ng Center,
located in the Academic Support module.
Specifically, you must address the following rubric criteria:
1. Selec!on of the Policy or Law: Describe the policy or law you have selected, explaining why you have chosen this
policy or law.
2. History of Policy or Law: Describe the history of the policy or law you have chosen, explaining why it is essen!al.
Consider the following ques!ons in your response:
A. Why is understanding the history of the policy or law essen!al in decision making about the policy or law?
B. What are the three significant milestones and driving factors in the history of the chosen policy or law?
3. Influence of Stakeholders and Interest Groups: Using Bardach’s eigh#old path model, describe how stakeholders and
interest groups can be involved when approaching change in the chosen policy or law. Consider the following
ques!ons in your response:
A. Who are the key stakeholders and interest groups for the selected policy or law?
B. What could be the impact of noninvolvement of stakeholders and interest groups in policy or law reforma!on?
C. How do the needs and interests of stakeholders and interest groups impact the change in the chosen policy or
law?
4. Key Drivers of Policy or Law: Explain how stakeholders were key drivers for the chosen policy or law. Consider the
following ques!ons in your response:
A. Which key stakeholders are key drivers as well for the policy or law?
B. Which stakeholders and/or interest groups are most impacted by the chosen policy or law?
5. Proposed Changes or Amendments: Explain what you would like to see changed in the chosen policy or law and why.
!
6/27/22, 3:54 AM Page 1 of 3
Consider the following ques!ons in your response:
A. How will you approach the change implementa!on process?
B. In five years, how will historical reviewers view your proposed changes?
C. How will these changes benefit underserved/vulnerable popula!ons?
Guidelines for Submission
Your submission should be a 3- to 5-page Word document. You must also include an APA-style !tle page. Use 12-point Times
New Roman font, double spacing, and 1-inch margins. Sources should be cited according to APA style.
Criteria Exemplary (100%) Proficient (90%) Needs
Improvement (70%) Not Evident (0%) Value
Selec!on of the Policy or Law
Exceeds proficiency in an excep!onally clear and insigh#ul manner, using industry-specific language
Describes the chosen policy or law with jus!fica!on for the choice
Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions
Does not a$empt criterion
15
History of Policy or Law
Exceeds proficiency in an excep!onally clear and insigh#ul manner, using industry-specific language
Describes the history of the chosen policy or law, including the importance of the history in healthcare
Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions
Does not a$empt criterion
15
Influence of Stakeholders and Interest Groups
Exceeds proficiency in an excep!onally clear and insigh#ul manner, using industry-specific language
Using Bardach’s eigh#old path model, describes how stakeholders and interest groups can be involved when approaching change in the chosen policy or law
Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions
Does not a$empt criterion
15
Key Drivers of Policy or Law
Exceeds proficiency in an excep!onally clear and insigh#ul manner, using industry-specific language
Explains the key stakeholders who were also the key drivers for the chosen policy or law
Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions
Does not a$empt criterion
15
Proposed Changes or
Amendments
Exceeds proficiency in an excep!onally clear and insigh#ul manner, using industry-specific language
Explains the proposed changes in the chosen policy or law with jus!fica!on
Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions
Does not a$empt criterion
15
Module Four Short Paper Rubric
6/27/22, 3:54 AM Page 2 of 3
Ar!cula!on of Response
Exceeds proficiency in an excep!onally clear and insigh#ul manner
Clearly conveys meaning with correct grammar, sentence structure, and spelling, demonstra!ng an understanding of audience and purpose
Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors in grammar, sentence structure, and spelling, nega!vely impac!ng readability
Submission has cri!cal errors in grammar, sentence structure, and spelling, preven!ng understanding of ideas
10
Scholarly Sources Incorporates more than three scholarly, current (within the last five years) sources, or use of sources is excep!onally insigh#ul
Incorporates three scholarly, current (within the last five years) sources that support claims
Incorporates fewer than three scholarly, current (within the last five years) sources, or not all sources support claims
Does not incorporate sources
10
APA Styles Formats in-text cita!ons and reference list according to APA style with no errors
Formats in-text cita!ons and reference list according to APA style with fewer than five errors
Formats in-text cita!ons and reference list according to APA style with five or more errors
Does not format intext cita!ons and reference list according to APA style
5
Total: 100%
6/27/22, 3:54 AM Page 3 of 3
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IHP 610 Project Two Health Policy Issue Scenarios
Read each of the three scenarios in this document. Choose one to focus on for all your Project Two Preparation assignments, due in Modules Three and Seven, as well as your Project Two submission, due in Module Nine.
Health Policy Issue Option 1: Professional Nursing Licensure and Interstate Compacts
Nurses must complete an accredited nursing program and successfully pass an examination to be eligible for licensure in a state. Each state has a board of nursing that regulates the licensure process for that state. To practice nursing in a particular state, a nurse must have an active license issued by that state’s board of nursing. Some states have entered agreements with other states through a “compact” agreement to recognize nursing credentials among those compact states. However, nurses must still apply for licensure on a state-by-state basis.
You are working as a legislative consultant for the American Nurses Association (ANA). The senior management of the ANA have decided to propose an amendment to the existing interstate compact for professional licensure. They also plan to go a step further and propose a new policy for enabling national licensure for nursing professionals.
Interstate nursing licensure compacts, which enable healthcare providers to more easily apply for and receive permission to practice medicine in other states, are viewed in the healthcare industry as a means of expanding telehealth and telemedicine. Not everyone thinks the licensure compact is a good idea, however. Some say the process creates unnecessary regulatory burdens, whereas others would prefer to see one nationwide license that allows a clinician to practice in any state.
In your presentation, you will present your observations and assessment to the senior management of the ANA to help them in their decision making with regard to pursuing this approach. You should also include the challenges with the current policy, how key stakeholders influence and would be affected by these proposed changes, and legal and ethical considerations that impact decision making.
Health Policy Issue Option 2: Certificate of Need
A certificate of need (CON) allows a healthcare provider to build a new facility, make other high-dollar capital investments, and develop new services. A process exists in states with CON laws that requires providers to demonstrate a need for these new services and expenditures. The basic assumption of CON regulations is that this regulatory process is an effective healthcare cost control measure. Several decades ago, all states in the United States had CON laws. Today, approximately two-thirds of states still have CON regulations.
You are a legislative consultant based in West Virginia. A hospital in Kenova, West Virginia, is interested in creating a high-quality long-term care facility for elderly patients. After conducting a market study, the hospital administration has identified Kenova as a region where the local healthcare facilities are currently inadequate to meet the existing and expected future demands. The senior management views this new long-term care facility as an opportunity to rectify this concern.
As they begin to develop a business plan, however, they discover the new project will require authorization by the West Virginia Health Facilities & Services Review Board because of the state’s CON laws. In West Virginia, there is a specific CON law established in 1974 that regulates the construction of a wide range of healthcare facilities, including long-term care facilities, hospitals, birthing centers, and dialysis centers.
You are working for the hospital as a legislative consultant on this project. You have been asked to identify the stakeholders and their interest in this entire process to help the hospital’s senior management understand who will be involved in and affected by moving forward with the construction of this facility. Also, you will be responsible for understanding the end-to-end process of obtaining a CON and providing senior management with the information they need to make decisions related to this. Because the process for obtaining CON is somewhat complicated, the hospital administration has highly recommended that you research the required efforts from each stakeholder involved in the process during your assessment.
The hospital administration was also recently informed that in order to obtain a CON, developers of healthcare facilities must apply to the local governmental authorities by making the case for why the community in question would benefit from that new development. However, the exact criteria used to determine whether an application for a CON is approved can differ widely between states. The senior management is unsure what the Health Facilities & Services Review Board’s criteria are for West Virginia, so they have asked for your recommendations on how best to approach these criteria based on your assessment.
In your presentation to the senior management of the hospital, you should explain the process to obtain the CON and how each stakeholder is associated with this initiative. You should also share the legal and ethical considerations involved in this process.
Health Policy Issue Option 3: Adult Immunization
Vaccine hesitancy refers to the refusal by an individual or group to seek available communicable disease vaccines. This hesitancy can be the result of lack of information, misinformation, distrust of government agencies, or religious or political beliefs. Public health challenges arise when the rights of individuals with regard to vaccine acceptance are in conflict with the overall health of the public.
You are a legislative consultant hired by the governor’s office in your state. Your supervisor—the governor’s special advisor on health—has asked you to explore the perspective and rationale of each stakeholder with regard to requiring adult immunizations for certain state-funded jobs. Your supervisor has also asked you to analyze the impact of each key stakeholder and interest group on the potential success or failure of this process.
Vaccines are proven to be effective in preventing disease and mortality. They are the premier achievement of public health programs in the United States and internationally. However, unlike childhood vaccinations, which are more highly regulated and are administered unless there is a documented exemption, adults over the age of 18 have the option to decline vaccines for any reason, documented or otherwise. Certain state-regulated licensing boards require these immunizations in order to earn or maintain a license, but there are currently no laws or policies at the federal or state level that require adults to be vaccinated with adult-only immunizations.
The state government recently conducted a survey to understand the potential reasons for adults choosing not to be vaccinated with adult-only immunizations. In your state, 39% of adults over the age of 18 have not had one or more adult vaccinations recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
In your presentation, you are asked to share your assessment and analysis of potential barriers to the adult immunization, the impact of each key stakeholder and interest group on the potential success or failure this policy, and your recommendation for whether adult immunizations should be required for certain state-funded jobs.
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