Respiratory tract infection Asthma Pneumonia Bronchitis The presentation should include: 1. Essential about each disease assigned 2. Signs and Sympt
Good morning. I need to do a PowerPoint project. Should be no less than 20 slides without counting the presentation and references, with illustrations, and with the specifications required by the institution. It should be on Friday 06/03/2022.
Respiratory tract infection
– Asthma
– Pneumonia
– Bronchitis
The presentation should include:
1. Essential about each disease assigned
2. Signs and Symptoms
3. Diagnosis
4. Treatment
Thank you
Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Medications
Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
1
Indications
Asthma and COPD are similar: Chronic and obstructive
Asthma is largely inflammatory with a greater degree of reversibility than COPD
Drug therapy only controls symptoms in COPD
Although the same drugs are used in treatment, the responses of asthma and COPD to pharmacotherapy differ
Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
2
β-Adrenergic Agonist Bronchodilators
Sympathomimetics
Result in smooth muscle relaxation
Nonselective β2-adrenergic receptor agonists and, to a lesser extent, selective β2-adrenergic agonists cause reflex tachycardia
β2-Selective agents have the greatest effect in bronchial, uterine, and vascular smooth muscles
Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
3
Methylxanthines
Promote bronchodilation
Stimulate vagal center causing bradycardia
In large doses, cause positive inotropic effect on myocardium and positive chronotropic effect on sinoatrial node
Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
4
Anticholinergics
Nonselective competitive antagonists of muscarinic receptors
Antimuscarinic effect blocks bronchoconstriction
Reduce airway secretions and airway resistance
Ipratropium and tiotropium when inhaled may be more effective in COPD than in asthma
Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
5
Blocks acetylcholine-induced stimulation of cyclic guanyl cyclase, reducing production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a mediator of bronchoconstriction
5
Mast Cell Stabilizers
Prevent and reduce inflammatory response in bronchial walls by inhibiting secretion of mediators from mast cells
Exact mechanism of action of these drugs on mast cells remains to be established
Act locally to inhibit release of mediators of type 1 allergic reactions, including histamine and leukotrienes, from sensitized mast cells after exposure to an antigen
Antiasthmatic and antiallergenic: May act as bronchodilators
Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
6
Corticosteroids
Reduce airflow obstruction by reducing airway inflammation in bronchioles
Modify the body’s immune responses to various stimuli
Suppress cytokine production, airway eosinophil recruitment, and release of inflammatory mediators
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) provide local therapeutic action with minimal systemic effects
Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
7
Leukotriene Modifiers
Act on inflammatory mediators of asthma
May be used as an alternative to inhaled corticosteroids
In patients with mild persistent or aspirin-sensitive asthma
Effect is weaker than low-dose inhaled corticosteroids
Often used as add-on therapy in asthma
Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
8
Treatment Principles for Asthma
Long-Term Control
Corticosteroids (inhaled, occasionally systemic)
Mast cell stabilizers
Leukotriene modifiers
Long-acting β2-agonists
Methylxanthines
Quick Relief
Short-acting β2-agonists
Anticholinergics
Systemic corticosteroids
(See Figures 16-3 and 16-4 for more complete treatment approach)
Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
9
Treatment Principles for COPD
Bronchodilators are primary to symptom management
COPD
Stage I
Short-acting bronchodilator is indicated for prn use
Stages II-IV
Long-acting bronchodilator should be added if dyspnea persists during daily activities
Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
10
Treatment Principles for COPD (Cont.)
Influenza and pneumococcal immunizations are recommended
Exacerbations
Increase dose and frequency of short-acting bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids, and antibiotics if purulent sputum develops
Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
11
Treatment Principles for COPD (Cont.)
Maintenance
Anticholinergics
β2-Adrenergic agonists
Methylxanthines
Corticosteroids (inhaled, occasionally oral)
Expectorants
Severe Exacerbation
Anticholinergics
β2-Agonists
Methylxanthines
Corticosteroids (oral)
Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
12
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