Here are some points of discussion you should think about once youve summarized your findings? What are your thoughts about the research that has b

1

8

OVERCROWDING IN PRISONS

Overcrowding In Prisons

Max Perez

April 18, 2022

Overcrowding in American Prisons

Prison crowding is an issue of concern within American prisons. It is a major contributor to poor health conditions in the prison system. According to research findings, over 18 countries exceed their maximum occupancy, of which about 11 national prison systems hold double their normal capacity. Overcrowding in prisons does not mean that the rate of crime commission is higher than it has been; however, the poor policy choices within the criminal justice system undermine the need for the system to meet the basic human needs of the prisoners. Arguably, the prison system faces the harsh effects of overcrowding, whose impacts are life-threatening if not prevented at the earliest. This paper provides an annotated bibliography about overcrowding in American prisons.

Suliman, N., & Einat, T. (2018). Does Work Stress Change Personalities? Working in Prison as a Personality-Changing Factor Among Correctional Officers. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 009385481875814. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854818758141

According to the authors of this source, the wages of prison overcrowding include poor psychological conditions and dysfunctional correctional reactions. Prisons tend to shape and transform individual inmates which have been neglected. Therefore, any time the prison environment becomes unconducive for the wellbeing of the inmates creates chaos hence extension of the time spent in prisons. Therefore, prison overcrowding is unpleasant, uncomfortable, and destructive to the psychological health of the inmates. This article supports the fact that overcrowding is a danger to the health of prisoners.

Van Hout, M.-C., & Mhlanga-Gunda, R. (2019). Prison health situation and health rights of young people incarcerated in sub-Saharan African prisons and detention centers: a scoping review of extant literature. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-019-0200-z

According to the author of this article, prison overcrowding negatively impacts prisoners and affects their general health. Based on the international standard requirements, prisons need to have adequate space for prisoners; however, over 70% of prisons across the world are overcrowded. Thus, even if the number of prisoners increases, the prison system has never expanded the space to accommodate more prisoners. This hurts the prisoners' physical and mental health. This source is essential in determining the healthcare conditions within prisons and the extent of overcrowding in this prison

Zorro Medina, A. (2019, November 4). Adversarial, Plea Bargaining, and Prison Population Growth: Evidence from a Natural Experiment. Papers.ssrn.com. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3686925

According to this article, incarceration rates have steadily increased over the past decades while crime rates are dropping. However, even though crime rates are equal across races, it is evident that Blacks are incarcerated more than their white counterparts. Therefore, the author of this article claims that the highly increasing populations within prisons are attributed to plea bargains since it accounts for 95% of criminal dispositions in the criminal justice system. Plea bargains place defendants into dilemmas and reduce transactional costs allowing prosecutors to work on political wills of incarcerating more defendants within the prisons. More so, the Blacks have less faith in the system than the white; that is why they are on the worst side of the plea bargain. Thus, differential bargains lead to a stratified prison population.

Newman, W., & Scott, C. (2011). Brown v. Plata: Prison Overcrowding in California. https://scholar.archive.org/work/sa2hi5wlfrfspmki4plx2cydhi/access/wayback/http://jaapl.org:80/content/jaapl/40/4/547.full.pdf

Californian prisons are known for overcrowding. In 2011, the case between Brown and Plata led to adjustments in these prisons since, before then, the prisons were holding twice the required capacity. This article indicates that prison overcrowding has been an issue within American prisons.

Stuntz, W. J. (2013). The Collapse of American Criminal Justice. In Google Books. Harvard University Press. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=P7nz_DRM-HAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Efforts+to+fix+a+broken+system+in+american+crminal+justice&ots=hr5QPrudkP&sig=tDPFzi_JtIkcwilsDgtQR-Zqb0o

. According to this article, excessive incarceration is a national issue in America. Overcrowding has caused unconstitutional confinement conditions, making various states fail to rehabilitate inmates effectively. The prison system spends a large amount on correcting the failing prison system. This article argues that the system should use proactive reforms like early release and diversionary tactics to correct the current issues

Van Hout, M. C., & Wessels, J. (2017). Human rights and the invisible nature of incarcerated women in post-apartheid South Africa: prison system progress in adopting the Bangkok Rules. International Journal of Prisoner Health. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijph-05-2021-0045

This article provides insights into prison overcrowding in South African prisons. It illustrates that SA prisons are overcrowded due to high incarceration rates, which violates the inmates' constitutional rights. This article shows the extent of prison overcrowding across the globe.

MacDonald, M. (2018). Overcrowding and its impact on prison conditions and health. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 14(2), 65–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijph-04-2018-0014

The authors of this article argue that prison overcrowding is an issue across countries. If not countered, prison overcrowding can lead to self-harm and violent behaviors between inmates. Overcrowding leads to health issues for the inmates, the public, and the system itself. Research shows that overcrowding is a major cause of infectious and psychiatric disorders. This article delves into overcrowding within prisons, how to increase awareness among the public, and the key resources to addressing the health concerns associated with overcrowding.

Dependent variables

Article one

The dysfunction in the correctional strategies has been neglected by the correctional officers extending the stay of the inmates in prisons. Prison overcrowding is a concern in inmates’ psychology.

Article two

Concerns with general health of inmates. The criminal justice should improve the environment in which the inmates are staying during their time in the prison, this is providing clean water, food, and a place to stay for their health and well-being.

Article three

There is no faith in the justice department. The criminal justice office plea bargaining is not flexible and just since discrimination of race has taken control. The African Americans are denying pleas while the Americans are granted plea deals

Article four

Overcrowding in California prison is common where the prisons hold more than the required capacity of inmates due to high crime rates. The criminal justice has not taken this issue seriously hence it affects the health conditions of the inmates due to poor eating and living conditions of the prisons

Article five

The strategies that were formulated to rehabilitate and correct the criminal have failed to lead to overcrowding due to an increase in crime during the serving time in the prisons hence increasing the chances of overcrowding in the prisons

Article six

The violation of human rights by the government of SA for providing a conducive environment for correctional facilities. Prisons have today poor standards that do not support the rehabilitation of criminals in the system due to poor living conditions.

Article seven

Overcrowding in prisons courses inmates to take their life through committing suicide. Others engaged in violence due to the poor living conditions in the prisons.

,

1

OVERCROWDING IN AMERICAN PRISONS 5

Overcrowding in American Prisons

Max Perez

Assignment #2

Overcrowding in American Prisons

Prison crowding is an issue of concern within American prisons. It is a major contributor to poor health conditions in the prison system. According to research findings, over 18 countries exceed their maximum occupancy, of which about 11 national prison systems hold double their normal capacity. Overcrowding in prisons does not mean that the rate of crime commission is higher than it has been; however, the poor policy choices within the criminal justice system undermine the need for the system to meet basic human needs for the prisoners. Arguably, the prison system faces the harsh effects of overcrowding, whose impacts are life-threatening if not prevented at the earliest. This paper provides an annotated bibliography about overcrowding in American prisons.

Haney, C. (2006). The wages of prison overcrowding: Harmful psychological consequences and dysfunctional correctional reactions. Wash. UJL & Pol'y, 22, 265.

Prison overcrowding is an issue in the criminal justice system. According to the authors of this source, the wages of prison overcrowding include poor psychological conditions and dysfunctional correctional reactions. Prisons tend to shape and transform individual inmates. Therefore, any time the prison environment becomes unconducive for the wellbeing of the inmates, they become harmful to them in return. Therefore, prison overcrowding is unpleasant, uncomfortable, and destructive to the psychological health of the inmates. This article supports the fact that overcrowding is a danger to the health of prisoners.

Warmsley, R. (2005). Prison health care and the extent of prison overcrowding. International Journal of Prisoner Health.

According to the author of this article, prison overcrowding negatively impacts prisoners and affects their general health. Based on the international standard requirements, prisons need to have adequate space for prisoners; however, over 70% of prisons across the world are overcrowded. Thus, even if the number of prisoners increases, the prison system has never expanded the space to accommodate more prisoners. This hurts the prisoners' physical and mental health. This source is essential in determining the healthcare conditions within prisons and the extent of overcrowding in these prisons.

Savitsky, D. (2012). Is plea bargaining a rational choice? Plea bargaining as an engine of racial stratification and overcrowding in the United States prison system. Rationality and Society, 24(2), 131-167.

According to this article, incarceration rates have steadily increased over the past decades while crime rates are dropping. However, even though crime rates are equal across races, it is evident that Blacks are incarcerated more than their white counterparts. Therefore, the author of this article claims that the highly increasing populations within prisons are attributed to plea bargains since it accounts for 95% of criminal dispositions in the criminal justice system. Plea bargains place defendants into dilemmas and reduce transactional costs allowing prosecutors to work on political wills of incarcerating more defendants within the prisons. More so, the Blacks have less faith in the system than the white; that is why they are on the worst side of the plea bargain. Thus, differential bargains lead to a stratified prison population.

Newman, W. J., & Scott, C. L. (2012). Brown v. Plata: prison overcrowding in California. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 40(4), 547-552.

Californian prisons are known for overcrowding. In 2011, the case between Brown and Plata led to adjustments in these prisons since, before then, the prisons were holding twice the required capacity. This article indicates that prison overcrowding has been an issue within American prisons.

Salins, L., & Simpson, S. (2012). Efforts to fix a broken system: Brown v. Plata and the prison overcrowding epidemic. Loy. U. Chi. LJ, 44, 1153.

According to this article, excessive incarceration is a national issue in America. Overcrowding has caused unconstitutional confinement conditions, making various states fail to rehabilitate inmates effectively. The prison system spends a large amount on correcting the failing prison system. This article argues that the system should use proactive reforms like early release and diversionary tactics to correct the current issues.

Steinberg, J. (2005). Prison overcrowding and the constitutional right to adequate accommodation in South Africa. Occasional Paper, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, University of Cape Town.

This article provides insights into prison overcrowding in South African prisons. It illustrates that SA prisons are overcrowded due to high incarceration rates, which violates the inmates' constitutional rights. This article shows the extent of prison overcrowding across the globe.

Garcia-Guerrero, J., & Marco, A. (2012). Overcrowding in prisons and its impact on health. Revista espanola de sanidad penitenciaria, 14(3), 106-113.

The authors of this article argue that prison overcrowding is an issue across countries. If not countered, prison overcrowding can lead to self-harm and violent behaviors between inmates. Overcrowding leads to health issues for the inmates, the public, and the system itself. Research shows that overcrowding is a major cause of infectious and psychiatric disorders. This article delves into overcrowding within prisons, how to increase awareness to the public, and the key resources to addressing the health concerns associated with overcrowding.

MacDonald, M. (2018). Overcrowding and its impact on prison conditions and health. International journal of prisoner health.

According to this article, overcrowding has been an issue over the years; and little has been done to resolve it. The author of this article highlights that overcrowding is a major cause of health issues within prisons due to infectious diseases and mental health issues. Hence, the article offers prevention measures to resolve the issue of overcrowding in these prisons.

Collepals.com Plagiarism Free Papers

Are you looking for custom essay writing service or even dissertation writing services? Just request for our write my paper service, and we'll match you with the best essay writer in your subject! With an exceptional team of professional academic experts in a wide range of subjects, we can guarantee you an unrivaled quality of custom-written papers.

Get ZERO PLAGIARISM, HUMAN WRITTEN ESSAYS

Why Hire Collepals.com writers to do your paper?

Quality- We are experienced and have access to ample research materials.

We write plagiarism Free Content

Confidential- We never share or sell your personal information to third parties.

Support-Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions.