May 12, 2022

This week, we learned about different types of leadership directives and leadership styles. As a reflection of these principles, visit

14: Discussion

Module 14: Discussion This week, we learned about different types of leadership directives and leadership styles. As a reflection of these principles, visit the website of General Electric, a powerful MNC in energy and power systems, health care, finance, and appliances.Discover GE’s international operations, learn about its product lines, review its new and existing members on the board of directors, and review its latest annual report. Then answer these questions with a focus on GE’s leadership:

On how many continents and in how many countries does GE do business? Does GE offer different product lines in different countries? If so, why, and if not, why not?
Using the Managerial Grid (Fig.13-2), in which country or countries could GE apply each of the 5 management styles? Give examples of each of the 5 styles.
Using the Managerial Grid (Fig. 13-2), which leadership style do you think the GE corporate CEO could implement on a global basis, and why?
Reflect on this Module and this course and explain whether the leadership style you chose in # 3 above matches your skills, abilities, and personality. Why or why not?

Embed course material concepts, principles, and theories, which require supporting citations along with two scholarly peer-reviewed references supporting your answer. Keep in mind that these scholarly references can be found in the Saudi Digital Library by conducting an advanced search specific to scholarly references.Be sure to support your statements with logic and argument, citing all sources referenced. Post your initial response early and check back often to continue the discussion. Be sure to respond to your peers’ posts as well.You are required to reply to at least two peer discussion question post answers to this weekly discussion question and/or your instructor’s response to your posting. These post replies need to be substantial and constructive in nature. They should add to the content of the post and evaluate/analyze that post's answer. Normal course dialogue does not fulfill these two peer replies but is expected throughout the course. Answering all course questions is also required

Required:

Chapter 13 in International Management: Culture, Strategy, and Behavior

Chapter 13 PowerPoint slides Module 14 PowerPoint slides – Alternative Formats in International Management: Culture, Strategy, and Behavior

Bonsu, S., & Twum-Danso, E. (2018). Leadership style in the global economy: A focus on cross-cultural and transformational leadership. Journal of Marketing and Management, 9(2), 7-52.

Muralidharan, E., & Pathak, S. (2019). Consequences of cultural leadership styles for social entrepreneurship: A theoretical framework. Sustainability, 11(4), 965.

Choromides, C. (2018). Leadership and change management: A cross-cultural perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 24(2), 575-578.

Shafai, A. (2018). Servant-leadership in higher education in Saudi Arabia. The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 12(1), 297-335.

SEU_MGT672_Module14_PPT_Ch13.pptx

International Management

© 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Chapter 13

Leadership across Cultures

Learning Objectives

Describe the basic philosophic foundation and styles of managerial leadership

Examine the attitudes of European managers toward leadership practices

Compare and contrast leadership styles in Japan with those in the United States

Learning Objectives (continued)

Review leadership approaches in China, the Middle East, and developing countries

Examine recent research and findings regarding leadership across cultures

Discuss the relationship of culture clusters and leader behavior on effective leadership practices, including increasing calls for more responsible global leadership

Effective Global Leadership

Essential competency of leading MNCs

Helps companies enter and operate in new markets

Achieved through the use of structured programs that:

Are designed to develop skills and capabilities

Help the firms become more culturally sensitive, adaptable, and able to effectively manage in challenging global environments

Leadership

Process of influencing people to direct their efforts toward the achievement of some particular goal or goals

Leaders and managers should:

Develop skills in effective communication, planning, organizing, and problem solving

Exhibit the ability to focus on the future while maintaining current organizational trends

Table 13.1 – Perceived Differences: Managers versus Leaders

International Leadership

Areas that help compare the foundations

Philosophical grounding of how leaders view their subordinates

Theory X, theory Y, and theory Z

Leadership approaches as reflected by autocratic-participative behaviors of leaders

Authoritarian, paternalistic, and participative

Philosophical Assumptions of Theory X Managers

Workers do not like to work and will avoid it whenever possible

Workers have little ambition, try to avoid responsibility, and like to be directed

Primary need of employees is job security

Use of coercion, control, and threats of punishment is necessary

Philosophical Assumptions of Theory Y Managers

Expenditure of physical and mental effort at work is as natural to people as resting or playing

People will exercise self-direction and self-control if committed to the goals

Under proper conditions, the average human being learns not only to accept but to seek responsibility

Philosophical Assumptions of Theory Y Managers (continued)

Commitment to objectives relies on the rewards associated with their achievement

Capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination, ingenuity, and creativity is widely distributed throughout the population

Intellectual potential of the average human being is only partially tapped under conditions of modern industrial life

Philosophical Assumptions of Theory Z Managers

People are motivated by a strong sense of commitment to be part of a greater whole

Employees seek out responsibility and look for opportunities to advance in an organization

Employees who learn different aspects of the business will be in a better position to contribute to the broader goals of the organization

Philosophical Assumptions of Theory Z Managers (continued)

Organization will engender in employees strong bonds of loyalty, making the organization more productive and successful

By making commitments to employees’ security through lifetime or long-term employment

Types of Leadership

Authoritarian leadership

Use of work-centered behavior designed to ensure task accomplishment

Paternalistic leadership

Use of work-centered behavior coupled with a protective employee-centered concern

Participative leadership

Use of both work- or task-centered and people-centered approaches to leading subordinates

Figure 13.1 – Leader-Subordinate Interactions

Figure 13.2 – The Managerial Grid

Areas Relevant to Leadership

Help identify the attitudes toward leadership practices across countries by investigating:

Capacity for leadership and initiative

Sharing information and objectives

Participation

Internal control

Role of Level, Size, and Age on European Managers' Attitudes toward Leadership

Higher-level managers tend to express more democratic values than lower-level managers in some countries

Company size tends to influence the degree of participative-autocratic attitudes

Younger managers are more likely to have democratic values in terms of:

Leadership and initiative

Sharing information and objectives

Japanese Leadership Approaches

Paternalistic

Have greater belief in the capacity of subordinates for leadership and initiative

People express attitudes toward the use of participation to a greater degree than others

Above average in sharing information and objectives and using internal control

Place a strong emphasis on ambiguous goals

Japanese Leadership Approaches (continued)

Benefits

Leader maintains stronger control of the followers

Manager ensures that the personnel are prepared to deal with any situation and all its ramifications

Leader maintains order and provides guidance

Drawback

Subordinates spend a lot of time overpreparing their assignments

Table 13.4 – Japanese versus U.S. Leaderships Styles

Source: Adapted from William Ouchi, Theory Z: How American Business Can Meet the Japanese Challenge (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981).

Variety Amplification and Variety Reduction

Variety amplification: Creation of uncertainty and the analysis of many alternatives regarding future action

Used by Japanese managers

Variety reduction: Limiting of uncertainty and the focusing of action on a limited number of alternatives

Used by U.S. managers

Findings of Research on Emerging Leaders in China

Show that the new generation group:

Scored significantly higher on individualism than the current and older generation groups

Scored significantly lower on collectivism and Confucianism than the other two groups

Show that leadership is culturally influenced

Greater exposure to Western societal influences may result in leadership styles similar to those of Western managers

Table 13.5 – Differences between Middle Eastern and Western Management

Source: From M. K. Badawy, “Styles of Mideastern Managers,” California Management Review 22, no. 3 (Spring 1980), pp. 51–58.

Table 13.5 – Differences between Middle Eastern and Western Management (continued)

Source: From M. K. Badawy, “Styles of Mideastern Managers,” California Management Review 22, no. 3 (Spring 1980), pp. 51–58.

Leadership Approaches in India

Focus should be on individuals and maintaining awareness of the tasks that need to be completed

Indians and the Anglo-Americans are:

Similar in attitudes toward capacity for leadership and initiative, participation, and internal control

Different in sharing information and objectives

Show that participative leadership may be common and effective in developing countries

Leadership Approaches in Latin America

Transitional nature of managers within the region increases as globalization increases

Mexico – Combination of authoritarian and participative behaviors

Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia – Authoritarian

Peru – Style is closer to those in the U.S. than previously assumed

Participative styles may gain importance as countries become economically advanced

Transformational, Transactional, and Charismatic Leadership

Transformational leaders: Motivate followers to accept new goals and new ways of doing things

Transactional leaders: Exchange rewards for effort and performance

Charismatic leaders: Inspire and motivate employees through charismatic traits and abilities

Findings and Insights about Leadership

Research has discovered that:

Much more universalism in leadership is present than believed previously

Most effective managers are transformational leaders and are characterized by four interrelated factors (4 I’s)

4 I’s

Idealized influence

Inspirational motivation

Intellectual stimulation

Individualized consideration

Qualities for Successful Leaders

Ability to cooperate

Independence

Leadership ability

Ability to take initiatives

Aim and result orientation

Creativity

Ability to motivate and inspire others

Business orientation

Age

Extrovert personality

Qualities for Successful Leaders (continued)

Customer ability

Analytic Ability

Ability to communicate

High level of energy

Responsibility

Enthusiasm and involvement

Organization skills

Team builder

Self-motivated

Flexibility

Precision

Dynamic personality

Leader Behavior, Leader Effectiveness, and Leading Teams

Culture is vital in explaining how leaders act in order to be effective:

In affective cultures, such as the United States, leaders tend to exhibit their emotions

In neutral cultures, such as Japan and China, leaders tend not to show their emotions

Cross-Cultural Leadership: Insights from the GLOBE Study

Leadership behavior can be categorized into:

Charismatic/value-based: Captures the ability of leaders to inspire, motivate, and encourage high performance outcomes from others based on a foundation of core values

Team-oriented: Emphasizes effective team building and implementation of a common goal among team members

Participative: Involves others in decisions and decision implementation

Cross-Cultural Leadership: Insights from the GLOBE Study (continued)

Humane-oriented: Comprises supportive and considerate leadership

Autonomous: Independent and individualistic leadership behaviors

Self-protective: Ensures safety and security of the individual and group through status-enhancement and face-saving

Relationship between Cultural Values and Leadership Attributes

GLOBE researchers concluded the following:

Collectivism I values (Sweden and other Nordic and Scandinavian countries) were likely to view Participative and Self-Protective leadership behaviors favorably

In-Group Collectivism II values (Philippines and other East Asian countries) were positively related to Charismatic/Value-Based leadership and Team-Oriented leadership

Relationship between Cultural Values and Leadership Attributes (continued 1)

Gender Egalitarian values (Hungary, Russia, and Poland) were positively associated with Participative and Charismatic/Value-based leader attributes

Performance Orientation values (Switzerland, Singapore, and Hong Kong) were positively associated with Participative and Charismatic/Value-Based leader attributes

Relationship between Cultural Values and Leadership Attributes (continued 2)

Future Orientation values (Singapore) were positively associated with Self-Protective and Humane-Oriented leader attributes

Societal Uncertainty Avoidance values (Germany, Denmark, and China) were positively associated with Team-Oriented, Humane-Oriented, and Self-Protective leader attributes

Societal Humane Orientation values (Zambia, the Philippines, and Ireland) were positively associated with Participative leader attributes

Relationship between Cultural Values and Leadership Attributes (continued 3)

Societal Assertiveness values (the United States, Germany, and Austria) were positively associated with Humane-Oriented leader attributes

Societal Power Distance values (Morocco, Nigeria, and Argentina) were positively correlated with Self-Protective and Humane-Oriented leader attributes

Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS)

Focuses on positive outcomes, processes, and attributes of organizations and their members

Consists of three subunits:

Enablers – Capabilities, processes, and structure of the environment

Motivations – Unselfish, altruistic, or as having the ability to contribute without self-regard

Outcomes or effects – Vitality, meaningfulness, exhilaration, and high-quality relationships

Authentic Leadership

Authentic leaders possess an all-encompassing package of traits, styles, behaviors, and credits

Authentic leaders:

Do not fake their actions

Are driven from internal forces, not external rewards

Are unique and guide based on personal beliefs, not others’ orders

Act based on individual passion and values

Authentic Leadership (continued)

Authentic leaders must possess several interrelated qualities

Positive psychological aspects

Positive morals to guide them through processes

How are Authentic Leaders different from Traditional Leaders?

Authentic leadership focuses primarily on the internal aspects of the leader

Transformational leadership focuses on motivating others, which is a secondary concern with authentic leadership

Ethical and Responsible Leadership

Ethical principles provide the philosophical basis for responsible business practices

Leadership defines the mechanism through which these principles become actionable

Responsible global leadership encompasses:

Values-based leadership

Ethical decision making

Quality stakeholder relationships

Ethical and Responsible Leadership (continued)

Responsible global leadership must be based on:

Core values and credos that reflect principled business and leadership practices and high levels of ethical and moral behavior

Set of shared ideals that advance organizational and societal well-being

Servant Leadership

Gives priority to needs of colleagues and those they serve

Qualities required

Listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, growth, and building community

Entrepreneurial Leadership and Mindset

Reasons for high failure rate for international new ventures

Lack of capital and absence of clear goals and objectives

Failure in accurate assessment of market demand and competition

International entrepreneurial leaders must possess cultural sensitivity, international vision, and global mindset

Be the International Management Consultant

As a management consultant, what opportunities do you see for Cisco in Germany?

What are some potential benefits that companies, like Cisco, can gain by partnering with public sector entities and foreign governments of developed nations as opposed to ones in emerging nations?

Review and Discuss

What cultures would be the most likely to perceive differences between managerial and leadership duties?

What cultures would view them as the same?

Use evidence to support your answer

Using the results of the classic Haire and associates study as a basis for your answer, compare and contrast managers’ attitudes toward leadership practices in Nordic-European and Latin-European countries

Review and Discuss (continued 1)

Is there any relationship between company size and European managers’ attitude toward participative leadership styles?

Using the GLOBE study results and other supporting data, determine what Japanese managers believe about their subordinates

How are these beliefs similar to those of U.S. and European managers?

How are these beliefs different?

Review and Discuss (continued 2)

A U.S. firm is going to be opening a subsidiary in Japan within the next six months

What type of leadership style does research show to be most effective for leading high-achieving Japanese? Low-achieving Japanese?

How are these results likely to affect the way that U.S. expatriates should lead their Japanese employees?

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This week, we learned about different types of leadership directives and leadership styles. As a reflection of these principles, visit

14: Discussion

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