Define and discuss cloud computing. Discuss h
Week 1 DiscussionThis is a required assignment worth 15 points (15-points/1000-points). Assignment must be submitted by the due date. No late assignments are allowed. Please discuss the following topics and provide substantive comments to at least two other posts. Select from the following list four (4) topics and discuss. Use only 50-words max per topic to discuss and present your answer. The discussion questions this week are from Chapter 1 (Jamsa, 2013).Chapter 1 topics:
- Define and discuss cloud computing.
- Discuss how cloud computing has changed how companies budget for software solutions.
- Compare and contrast SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS, and provide an example of each.
- Define scalability and discuss how the cloud impacts it.
- List three advantages and three disadvantages of cloud computing.
- Define virtualization and discuss how the cloud impacts it.
- Describe three cloud-based solutions for individuals and three cloud-based solutions for businesses.
- Discuss how Web 2.0 has driven the growth of the web.
- Compare and contrast public, private, community, and hybrid clouds.
Note: You are required to use at least two-peer reviewed sources (besides your textbook) to answer the above questions. The initial post is due by Wednesday at 11:59pm ET. You must engage on at least three separate days (by Wednesday for the first post and two additional days of peer engagement).
Week 1 DiscussionAfter completing the reading this week, please review table 1.2 in the text and review the distinction between leadership and management. Then think about this in regard to how senior leaders versus senior managers lead change in an organization (especially when it comes to technical change in an organization).This week please reflect on these concepts and answer the following questions:
- When implementing change in an organization, there are always culture issues that are faced, such as not accepting change, determine how differently this would be handled thinking about the management versus leadership constructs?
- When dealing with performing work, how is this implemented differently within the management versus leadership constructs?
Please be sure to answer all of the questions above in the initial post.Please ensure the initial post and two response posts are substantive. Substantive posts will do at least TWO of the following:
- Ask an interesting, thoughtful question pertaining to the topic
- Expand on the topic, by adding additional thoughtful information
- Answer a question posted by another student in detail
- Share an applicable personal experience
- Provide an outside source
- Make an argument
At least one scholarly (peer-reviewed) resource should be used in the initial discussion thread. Please ensure to use information from your readings and other sources from the Library. Use APA references and in-text citations.Please be sure to engage by Wednesday at 11:59pm ET and then engage on two more days throughout the week (for a total of three days of engagement, before Sunday at 11:59pm, ET).
Week 1 Research Paper
This week’s journal article was focused on the Complexity of Information Systems Research in the Digital World. Complexity is increasing as new technologies are emerging every day. This complexity impacts human experiences. Organizations are turning to digitally enabled solutions to assist with the emergence of digitalization. Please review the article and define the various technologies that are emerging as noted in the article. Note how these emerging technologies are impacting organizations and what organizations can to do to reduce the burden of digitalization.Be sure to use the UC Library for scholarly research. Google Scholar is also a great source for research. Please be sure that journal articles are peer-reviewed and are published within the last five years.The paper should meet the following requirements:
- 3-5 pages in length (not including title page or references)
- APA guidelines must be followed. The paper must include a cover page, an introduction, a body with fully developed content, and a conclusion.
- A minimum of five peer-reviewed journal articles.
The writing should be clear and concise. Headings should be used to transition thoughts. Don’t forget that the grade also includes the quality of writing.
Organizational Leadership
John Bratton
Part 1
Contextualising leadership
The nature of leadership
Chapter 1
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Learning outcomes
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
Explain the nature of leadership and the apparent difference between leadership and management
Explain the essence of classical and contemporary trends in leadership theories
Discuss how the trends in leadership theories are connected to changes in global capitalism competing theories of organizational design
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Introduction
Many of today’s challenges are complex and the public look upon leaders for solutions or for someone to blame when crises present themselves.
With organizational change seems near-constant and necessitates leadership, this book critically examines the role of leaders in managing organizational change and people across different contexts in both private and public organizations and, in an area which is less frequently studied, in promoting innovation and pro-environmental change in the context of managerial rationales, constraints and opportunities.
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Defining leadership
2000 years ago,
The first serious attempt to develop a theory of leadership can be found in Plato’s The Republic (Grint, 1997).
16th- century,
Machiavelli’s The Prince attached great importance to the role of leaders in shaping societal events.
Over the centuries,
Examples illustrating the central role of individual leaders is repetitively found in English history such as Winston Churchill in the Second World War.
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Defining leadership
This continuous interest in leadership is the very common assumption that ‘great’ leaders profoundly shape events in society. Plus, the growth of industrial capitalism give rise in the studies of organizational leadership.
20th century,
Leadership research is further driven by both the military and manufacturing demands of two world wars, the development of the capitalist global economy and the preoccupation of organizations and government with competitiveness.
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Defining leadership
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Competing Definitions of Organizational Leadership
Behaviour
Leadership may be defined as the behaviour of an individual while he [sic] is involved in directing group activities (Hemphill and Coons, 1957, p. 7).
Leadership… acts by persons which influence other persons in a shared direction (Seeman, 1960, p. 53).
Power
Leadership is a particular type of power relationship characterized by a group member’s perception that another group member has the right to prescribe behaviour patterns for the former regarding his [sic] activity as a member of a particular group (Janda, 1960, p. 358).
Process
Leadership is the reciprocal process of mobilizing by persons with certain motives and values, various economic, political, and other resources, in a context of competition and conflict, in order to realize goals independently or mutually held by both leaders and followers (Burns, 1978, 425).
Leadership is a formal or informal contextually rooted and goal-influencing process that occurs between a leader and a follower, groups of followers, or institutions (Antonakis and Day, 2018, 5).
Traits / Attributes
Interaction Interaction between specific traits of one person and other traits of the many, in such a way that the course of action of the many is changed by the one (Bogardus, 1934, p. 3).
Defining leadership
For the purposes of this book, we use the following definition:
Organizational leadership is a process of influencing within an employment relationship involving ongoing human interaction with others wherein those others consent to achieve a goal.
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Defining leadership
The definition captures the following information:
Organizational leadership is a dialectical process (act) embedded in a context of both cooperation and structural conflict, which may affect the style of leadership adopted. Process also implies that a leader affects and is affected by the ‘psychological contract’, a metaphor for a perceived set of expectations and understandings between employees and employers, an important concept in people management (Rousseau, 1995).
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Defining leadership
Leadership is an influencing process occurring both directly and indirectly among others within formal employment relations.
The influence process may involve only a single leader, such as a CEO, or it may encompass numerous leaders in the organization.
It is ultimately concerned with achieving a particular goal, and goal achievement will be a measure of its effectiveness.
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Leadership and management
Questions like what do managers do and what do leaders do helps us to understand their roles. A manager therefore can undertake a diverse range of roles within an organization. It is important to note here that more than one individual can perform a leadership role. That is, leadership can be shared or distributed in the organization. The opportunity to perform certain roles will depend on the manager’s position in the organization’s hierarchy, the nature of the work undertaken and the level of education of her or his co-workers.
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Leadership and management
Role of Managers
Central to achieving control and decision by mainstream management literature
Deal with uncertainties, resistance and conflicts by critical studies
Analysing and designing work systems that minimized skill requirements while maximizing management control over the workforce by Frederick W. Taylor (1911)
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Leadership and management
Classic Fayolian Management Cycle (PDOC) by Henry Fayol
Three set of behaviours by Mintzberg (1989)
Interconnected Three Dimensional Model by Squires (2001)
It is also note that critical studies studies have challenged the universality of managerial behaviour, and have emphasized the importance of factoring into the analysis of management diversity: including gender, race, sexuality and consideration of cultural mores that prevail.
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Leadership and management
Roles of Leaders
Although both ‘managing’ and ‘leading’ can potentially coexist in the same individual, mainstream leadership scholars since Zaleznik’s (1977) have argued that managers and leaders are in fact different and that leadership and management are different.
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Leadership and management
| Role of Managers | Role of Leaders |
| Acting as the figurehead | Establishing direction |
| Liaising with other managers | Communicating direction |
| Developing subordinates | Encouraging emotion |
| Planning | Empowering others |
| Handling conflicts | Influencing |
| Negotiating | Challenging status quo |
| Monitoring information | Motivating and inspiring others |
| Directing subordinates | Modelling the direction |
| Allocating resources | Building a team |
| Produces potential predictability | Produces radical change |
Based on Hales (1986), Kotter (2012) and Kouzes and Posner (2017).
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Leadership and management
Leaders create a vision and the strategy to achieve vs Managers choose the means to implement the vision created by the leader.
Leaders operate at an emotional level, seeking to appeal to followers’ emotions vs Managers operate logically and value rationality.
Leaders encourage empowerment vs Managers encourage compliance.
Leadership is a value-laden activity vs Management is not.
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Leadership and management
Leaders are change agents associated with ‘episodic’ (Weick and Quinn, 1999) / ‘revolutionary’ (Burke, 2014) / vuja de (never seen before) (Grint, 2006) vs Managers are associated with ‘continuous’ or ‘evolutionary’ change / déjà vu (seen before). Kouzes and Posner (1997), also mentioned that exemplary leadership entails ‘challenging the process’.
Bernard Bass (1990) observed that not all managers lead and not all leaders manage, and an employee, without being a formal manager, may be a leader.
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Mapping the changing study of leadership
Literatures about what leaders should do – contains theories for leaders – primarily normative, providing how to prescriptions for improving leadership effectiveness.
Literatures about what leaders actually do – contains theories of leadership – primarily analytical, directed at better understanding leadership processes, explaining why they vary in different circumstances and the ‘platforms’ (ship) that leaders create to enable others to act as leaders
(Antonacopulou and Bento, 2011; Dinh et al. 2014; Ford, 2015)
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Mapping the changing study of leadership
5 Major Categories of Leadership Research (Bryman, 1996)
Trait
Behaviour
Contingency
Charismatic/Transformative
Shared/Distributed
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The trajectory of leadership theory is not linear, but, rather, follows endless swings between leader-centric and follower-centric models often based on new thinking about work design and organizational change. Thus, theories of leadership and disruptive organizational change are inseparably intertwined (Parry, 2011).
Leader-centred perspectives
Contingency and situational perspectives
Follower-centric perspectives
Mapping the changing study of leadership
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Critical leadership studies (CLS)
It has always been the case of assuming functionalist approach to leading people as functionalism assumes that organizations are unitary wholes, characterized by compliance, consensus and order.
However, CLS critiques mainstream orthodoxies and the power relations through which leadership dynamics are frequently rationalized, often reproduced and sometimes resisted – viewing organizations as arenas of domination, inequality, tension and conflict. The focus is on power, subordination and exploitation (Tadajewski et al. 2011) and to ‘decolonise’ (Gopal, 2017) prevailing stories, to ask difficult questions of society and ourselves – addressing the intersection of class, gender and race in work, organizational design and power structures that is the reality of organizational life.
Power, leadership and ideology
Gender and leadership
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The employment relationship
Constructed within work organizations.
A mutually advantageous transaction in a free market, a partnership of employers and employees with shared interests, a negotiation over ‘wage-effort’ between parties with competing interests, or an unequal power relation embedded in complex socio-economic inequalities (Budd and Bhave, 2013).
Ongoing actor relationships
‘Paradox of consequences’
Balance of power between actors
Organized life is recognized as an arena of complex reciprocal human relations
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