April 25, 2022

In the last assessment, you were asked to pre

In the last assessment, you were asked to prepare the first part of your analytics report by creating graphs and calculating some descriptive statistics. In this assessment, you will write your 5-8 page analytics report by interpreting those graphs and statistics, and explicitly connecting those interpretations to implications in the practical business context.

The first step in creating meaningful information from raw data is to represent the data effectively in graphical format and to calculate any required statistics. The second step is interpreting and explaining those graphs and statistics in order to apply them in the business context.

In the previous assessment, you were asked to create the first part of your analytics report by preparing graphs and calculating some descriptive statistics. In this assessment, you will complete your analytics report by interpreting those graphs and statistics, and connecting those interpretations explicitly to implications in the business context.

In business and applied analytics, oftentimes you are interested in drawing conclusions about a population of interest. However, it may not be feasible or practical to gather data on the entire population. In those cases, data is gathered from a sample or subset of the population. Analyses done on the sample are then used to draw inferences regarding the overall population; this mathematic process is referred to as inferential statistics. In this assessment, we begin discussing the topics of sampling and drawing inferences.

All the inferential statistical techniques and methods covered in this course are considered parametric techniques and require certain assumptions to be used and for the results to be reliable, many of which are assumptions about an underlying distribution. Nonparametric techniques require no assumption about underlying distributions and are often used when the assumptions of parametric techniques are not met. Although these are beyond the scope of this introductory course, they are a great option for additional reading and research.

Analytics projects often result in two distinct types of reports or summaries: one tailored to the executive level, which takes the form of a presentation, and the other, a detailed analytics report, which documents an analysis so thoroughly that another analyst can reproduce the analysis exactly. Many times, the latter type is referred to by other departments or analysts wishing to conduct a similar analysis on similar data or by the same analyst who wants to repeat the analysis on a new or revised set of data. In this assessment, you will learn the essential elements that should be included in a report at this level of detail and you will create your own analytics report addressing the business problem you have been working on.

Scenario

The first step in creating meaningful information to develop a business report for decision making. The business report includes the analyzed raw data, effectively presents the analysis results in text and graphical format, as well as calculate any required statistics.

The second step is interpreting and explaining the graphs and statistics to understand the impact in the practical business context.

In the last assessment, you were asked to create the first part of your business analytics report by introducing a company, analyzing company stock data, developing graphs, and calculating some descriptive statistics.

In this assessment, you will adjust your business report to minimize limitations of one year’s worth of data. You will use the same company for this assessment and you will use 5 years of data!

You will also enhance your introduction or business context section of your business report based on your new graphs and your interpretation of the data graphs and descriptive statistics over a five year period. Your interpretation efforts of graphs and descriptive statistics will explicitly connect in the conclusion area. Conclusions and recommendations are the final effort in the development of a practical business report and should be supported by citations. Remember that opinion is not allowed.

Your Role

Your supervisor has asked you to prepare a report for the quarterly company meeting. The first part of the task was to download the data and create scatterplots and histograms, and to calculate mean, median, and mode of 5 years of stock prices for your report. Now you must analyze and interpret those graphical representations of the company stock and write the report of your findings and recommendations for your supervisor.

You are an analyst using the same company and five years of stock data. Having accessed the company data and placed it in an appropriate graphical format, you must now use descriptive statistics and analysis to develop a report to inform business decisions.

Instructions

After reviewing and integrating your instructor’s feedback on your previous Assessment, complete the report as follows:

For each graph you created, write at least one well supported paragraph interpreting the graph: What does that graph represent? What does the shape of the graph tell you about how the data have changed over time?
For each statistic you calculated, include at least two to three well-supported sentences explaining what the statistic represents:
- What does the mean tell you? How do you know?
- What does it imply if the median is different from the mean?
- What does the standard deviation tell you about the volatility of the data?
Write a new conclusions section in which you explain how these interpretations can be used in the company:
- What are some trends about which company leaders should be aware?
- How might the information you have provided be used in decision making in the company?
- What are other analysts indicating about the stock?
Explicitly connect other analysts’ comments and recommendations to your interpretations to possible impact to the business context
Lastly, should your company invest of partner with the company or stock being evaluated?

Create a 5-8 page report containing:

APA-formatted title page.
1-2 page introduction of your chosen company that you created in your previous assessment.
Section labeled Graphical Representations of Data that includes the four graphs you created as well as your interpretations of the graphs.
Section labeled Descriptive Statistics, with the statistics you calculated as well as your interpretations of the statistics.
One-page conclusion in which you describe the potential business applications of the data and interpretations.
APA-formatted references page (remember to cite the source of your financial data, analyst comments and support for your interpretations).

examplepaper.pdf

Running head: APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS 1

Applying Analytic Techniques to Business

Learner’s Name

Capella University

Applied Business Analytics

Applying Analytic Techniques to Business

April, 2019

APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS 2

Microsoft Corporation

Microsoft is one of the world’s leading IT firms. With constant growth in its offerings,

Microsoft currently develops and licenses computing software, services, devices, and solutions

worldwide (Yahoo Finance, 2019). Some of Microsoft’s prominent offerings include Microsoft

Windows, which constitutes 35.5% of the market share for operating systems as of March 2019

(StatCounter, 2019), Office 365 Commercial Products and Services, available through cloud

technology, and Microsoft Azure, a cloud platform for data storage and analysis (Yahoo Finance,

2019).

Although software has been the basis of Microsoft’s success previously, in 2013, under

the leadership of Steven Anthony Ballmer, the company announced a shift in focus toward the

production of devices and services (Belanger, 2018). Consequently, there was an increased in

production of phones, tablets, personal computers, and gaming hardware including as Xbox. This

shift, however, was unsuccessful, largely because Microsoft’s strategic acquisition of all of

Nokia’s Devices and Services business proved a significant failure (Belanger, 2018).

The change in leadership from Ballmer to Satya Nadella in 2014 redirected the company

to profitable growth with a shift in focus toward business technological services and cloud

computing (Belanger, 2018). The acquisition of LinkedIn, the development of Office 365, and

the launch of Microsoft Azure generated significant profits for the company in the recent years

(Belanger, 2018). For the past 5 years, Microsoft leadership has witnessed an average growth

rate of 1.4%, and the company leaders are optimistic about generating a 7.5% increase in profits

in 2020 (Simply Wall ST, 2019). What makes Microsoft’s future really promising is its current

standing; Microsoft generated a revenue of close to 32.5 billion U.S. dollars and a profit of 8.6

APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS 3

billion U.S. dollars owing to a 76% increase in the sales of Azure and a 39% increase in sales of

surface tablets and laptops (Weise, 2019).

Graphical Representations of Data

Interpreting the Scatterplots

Figure 1.1. Scatterplot of highest stock prices of Microsoft based on data from Yahoo Finance (2019)

Figure 1.1 depicts the trend in the highest stock prices of Microsoft from February 2018

to February 2019. The graph explains the relationship between two variables: highest stock

prices (in U.S. dollars) on the y-axis, which is the dependent variable, and time (in days) on the

x-axis, which is the independent variable. The scatterplot is linear: The highest stock prices show

an approximately positive relationship with time in 2018. The highest stock prices for Microsoft

increased in value in 2018. However, the relationship is moderately strong, as there is no

significant increase in the value of the highest stock prices with time and there have been small

100

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12/31/2017 2/19/2018 4/10/2018 5/30/2018 7/19/2018 9/7/2018 10/27/201812/16/2018 2/4/2019 3/26/2019

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Time in Days

APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS 4

drops in prices toward the end of 2018 and subsequent rises in February 2019. There is a

noticeable absence of significant outliers.

Figure 1.2. Scatterplot of lowest stock prices of Microsoft based on data from Yahoo Finance (2019)

Figure 1.2 presents the trends in Microsoft’s lowest stock prices from February 2018 to

February 2019. The graph depicts the relationship between lowest stock prices (in U.S. dollars)

on the y-axis, the dependent variable, and time (in days) on the x-axis, the independent variable.

The scatterplot presents a moderately positive relationship between the lowest stock prices and

time. The value of the lowest stock prices increased for approximately seven months from March

to October, with small drops and recoveries between October and December. The scatterplot

takes a positive linear form with a small slope, indicating low volatility in the lowest stock

prices. The scatterplot also helps us understand that there are no significant outliers, which

confirms the stability of Microsoft’s market shares.

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12/31/2017 2/19/2018 4/10/2018 5/30/2018 7/19/2018 9/7/2018 10/27/201812/16/2018 2/4/2019 3/26/2019

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Time in Days

APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS 5

Interpreting the Histograms

Figure 2.1. Histogram of adjusted closing stock prices of Microsoft based on data from Yahoo Finance (2019)

Figure 2.1 presents the number of occurrences of daily adjusted closing stock prices

falling within equally distributed continuous data ranges. The ranges of adjusted closing stock

prices are marked on the x-axis, and the number of occurrences of prices falling within the

ranges of adjusted closing stock prices is marked on the y-axis. The histogram is skewed to the

left; that is, a majority of the data points fall within the higher ranges of daily adjusted closing

stock prices. This indicates that the histogram is negatively skewed with the median being

greater than the mean, indicating volatility in the adjusted closing stock prices of Microsoft in the

market.

90 95 100 105 110 115 More

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Ranges of Adjusted Closing Stock Prices

Frequency

APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS 6

Figure 2.2. Histogram of stock volume of Microsoft based on data from Yahoo Finance (2019)

Figure 2.2 presents the number of occurrences of Microsoft’s daily stock volumes being

bought or sold within continuous data ranges. The ranges of stock volume are marked on the x-

axis, and the number of occurrences of stock volumes falling within the ranges is marked on the

y-axis. The histogram is skewed to the right, indicating that a majority of the daily stock volume

data points fall within the lower ranges of the stock volume. This indicates that the histogram is

positively skewed with the mean being greater than the median. With 80% of the data points

falling within the lower ranges of stock volume, the histogram is strongly skewed to the right,

indicating unequal distribution and difficulty in speculating the daily stock volume of Microsoft.

Descriptive Statistics

Mean, Median, and Standard Deviation of Adjusted Closing Stock Prices

The mean, or the average value of a data set, of Microsoft’s adjusted closing stock prices

is 101.939 U.S. dollars, indicating the healthy market standing of Microsoft’s stock. It is

indicative of the company’s stable growth in revenue and profits throughout the year.

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Ranges of Stock Volume

Frequency

APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS 7

While mean is the average value of a data set, median is the data point that corresponds to

the middle value in the data set. The median for Microsoft’s adjusted closing stock prices is

103.249 U.S. dollars, which is greater than the mean, indicating the presence of outliers on the

lower side of the stock prices; this highlights the prevalence of fluctuations in Microsoft’s stock

value. This difference in mean and median also indicates asymmetry in the distribution of values

for adjusted closing prices. The standard deviation for the adjusted closing stock prices is 6.953

U.S. dollars; considering that the average stock price is 101.939 U.S. dollars, the volatility is

6.7%. The standard deviation is representative of the volatility in the stock pricing and, therefore,

helps understand the level of risk involved in investing in a stock. The standard deviation

suggests the prevalence of moderate risk in purchasing Microsoft’s shares.

Mean, Median, and Standard Deviation of Daily Traded Stock Volume

The mean of Microsoft’s daily traded stock volume from February 2018 to February

2019 is 31,210,598, which is indicative of the high liquidity of the company’s stock (Seth, 2018).

Considering that a stock that is traded at fewer than 10,000 shares each day is deemed a low-

volume stock (Seth, 2018), Microsoft’s daily traded stock volume is representative of a large

number of prospective buyers and, therefore, a highly valuable publicly traded firm. The median

for the stock volume is 28,123,200, which is less than the mean. This indicates the presence of

outliers on the higher side of the data set and, therefore, shows that the company has significant

spikes in its daily tradable stock volume. The standard deviation is found to be 12,909,909.8,

which is equivalent to 41.3% of the mean for stock volume. A standard deviation of

12,909,909.8 is representative of high volatility in the data set, which shows a considerable lack

of consistency in the volume of Microsoft’s stock.

APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS 8

Conclusion

The graphical representations and statistical calculations of Microsoft’s stock history

gives valuable insights that could help management make decisions about the launch of new

products and expansion. Some important trends that leaders should be aware of are as follows:

• While there is a gradual rise in the highest and lowest stock prices for the second and

third quarter, the fourth quarter is characterized by moderate falls and recoveries in the

highest and lowest stock prices;

• More than one fourth of the adjusted closing stock prices fell within the high-value range

of 105 to 110, which is a signal of high demand;

• A volatility of 41.3% for daily traded stock volume indicates great unpredictability in the

exchange rate of Microsoft’s stock. High volatility in stock volume usually indicates

unexpected earnings by a firm or the dissemination of good or bad news about the

firm/industry in the market (Morah, 2018).

Awareness of trends in stock prices may help management decide to launch products or

upgrade offerings in the early and later parts of the year, which may create hype and push sales

during these periods; this may facilitate a further increase in gross revenue and profits during the

stable periods of the third and fourth quarters. The histogram for adjusted closing stock prices

shows that a large number of data points fall within the high-value range of 105 and 110 U.S.

dollars with significant stock volume exchanged daily. This may inspire management to double

stock volume by halving stock prices, which may help increase the demand for the stock and,

therefore, improve market capitalization for the company.

The scatterplots for the highest and lowest daily stock prices indicate a positive linear

correlation between time and stock value, which helps understand the impact of the improved

APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS 9

growth in Microsoft’s revenue in 2018 compared with preceding years. The scatterplots also

indicate better valuation of prices in the start of 2019 than in 2018; this demonstrates the impact

of the company’s quarterly performance, namely generating 32.5 billion U.S. dollars in revenue,

on its market valuation at the start of 2019. Interpreting the histograms helps understand that

while the median for adjusted closing stock prices was relatively on the higher range of the data

set, the median for stock volume was on the lower range of the data set, reflecting high demand

for Microsoft’s stocks and, at the same time, a reservation on the part of Microsoft’s

shareholders to sell. This trend coincides with the fact that Microsoft, during the period,

improved in its distribution of dividends (Weise, 2019), which could be why the rate of change

in Microsoft’s traded volume was lower than the rate of change in its stock pricing.

APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS 10

References

Belanger, L. (2018, April 4). 10 amazing moments in Microsoft’s history, from its founding to

desktop dominance to today. Entrepreneur India. Retrieved from

https://entrepreneur.com/article/311468

Morah, C. (2018, March 2). Are stocks with large daily volume less volatile? Retrieved from

https://investopedia.com/ask/answers/09/daily-volume-volatility.asp

Seth, S. (2018, January 10). The risks of trading low-volume stocks. Retrieved from

https://www.investopedia.com/articles/active-trading/051415/risks-trading-lowvolume-

stocks.asp

Simply Wall St. (2019). Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT): What does the future look

like? Retrieved from https://simplywall.st/stocks/us/software/nasdaq-

msft/microsoft/news/microsoft-corporation-nasdaqmsft-what-does-the-future-look-like/

StatCounter. (2019). Operating system market share worldwide. Retrieved from

http://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share

Weise, K. (2019, January 30). Releasing earnings, Microsoft stays in stride, with cloud powering

the way. The New York Times. Retrieved from

https://nytimes.com/2019/01/30/technology/microsoft-

earnings.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FMicrosoft%20Corporation

Yahoo Finance. (2019). Microsoft Corporation (MSFT) [Data set]. Retrieved from

https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/msft/profile/

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In the last assessment, you were asked to pre

Scenario

Your Role

Instructions

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