Topics 1) Internet of things? 2) Machine learning? 3) Artificial intelligence? 4) Cyber security 5) IT Project management? 6) ERP System

Sai Kiran Bitla

Internet of Things, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, ERP Systems, Software Trends In IT, Disruptive Technologies, Cloud Computing, Information Technology jobs and skills required

for those jobs, Programming Languages, Project Management in IT

November 11 2021,

A blockchain is largely a disbursed database of facts or public ledger of all transactions or virtual occasions which have been finished and shared amongst collaborating parties. Each transaction withinside the public ledger is validated with the aid of using consensus of a majority of the contributors withinside the system. And, as soon as entered, records can in no way be erased. The blockchain incorporates a positive and verifiable file of every unmarried transaction ever made. To use a simple analogy, it is straightforward to thieve a cookie from a cookie jar, stored in a secluded location than stealing the cookie from a cookie jar stored in a marketplace location, being located with the aid of using heaps of people.

Blockchain generation itself is non-arguable and has labored perfectly through the years and is being efficiently implemented to each economic and non-economic international applications.

The truth is that we stay our existence precariously withinside the virtual international via way of means of counting on a 3rd party for the safety and privateness of our virtual belongings. The truth stays that those third party sources may be hacked, manipulated or compromised. This is in which the blockchain era comes handy. It has the ability to revolutionize the virtual international via way of means of permitting a allotted consensusi n which every and each on line transaction, beyond and present, related to virtual belongings may be proven at any time withinside the future. It does this without compromising the privacy of the virtual belongings and events involved. The allotted consensus a nd anonymity are critical traits of blockchain era.

E-commerce is tied exclusively to financial institutions that act as a trusted third party that processes and mediates every electronic transaction. The role of the trusted third party is to validate, protect and preserve the transactions. A certain percentage of fraud is inevitable in transactions. Online transactions and you need the intermediation of financial transactions, which causes high transaction costs.

“Big banks and some governments are implementing blockchains as distributed ledgers to revolutionize the way information is stored and transactions occur. Their goals are laudable—speed, lower cost, security, fewer errors, and the elimination of central points of attack and failure.” (Tapscott, Tapscott 2016).

We provide an explanation for the idea of the blockchain with the aid of using explaining how Bitcoin works on account that it's far intrinsically connected to the Bitcoin.

Bitcoin uses cryptographic proof instead of the trust in the third party for two willing parties to execute an online transaction over the Internet. Each transaction is protected through a digital signature. Each transaction is sent to the “public key” of the receiver digitally signed using the “private key” of the sender. In order to spend money, owner of the cryptocurrency needs to prove the ownership of the “private key”. The entity receiving the digital currency verifies the digital signature –thus ownership of corresponding “private key”–on the transaction using the “public key” of the sender.

Each transaction is broadcast to each node withinside the Bitcoin community and is then recorded in a public ledger after verification. Each transaction needs to be confirmed for validity earlier than it's far recorded within the public ledger. Verifying node desires to make sure two things earlier before recording any transaction that is Spender owns the cryptocurrency—virtual signature verification at the transaction and secondly Spender has enough cryptocurrency in his/her account: checking each transaction towards spender’s account (“public key”) within the ledger to make certain that they have enough coins in their account.

However, there may be query of retaining the order of those transactions which are broadcast to each different node withinside the Bitcoin peer-to-peer network. The transactions do now no longer are available in order wherein they may be generated and therefore there may be want for a machine to ensure that double-spending of the cryptocurrency does now no longer occur. Considering that the transactions are surpassed node with the aid of using node via the Bitcoin network, there may be no assure that orders wherein they may be obtained at a node are the identical order wherein those transactions had been generated. The Bitcoin device orders transactions with the aid of using putting them in groups referred to as blocks after which linking those blocks thru what's referred to as Blockchain. The transactions in a single block are taken into consideration to have took place on the equal time.These blocks are related to each-other (like a chain) in a right linear, chronological order with each block containing the hash of the preceding block.

“The bitcoin system, unlike traditional banking and payment systems, is based on decentralized trust. Instead of a central trusted authority, in bitcoin, trust is achieved as an emergent property from the interactions of different participants in the bitcoin system” page 49 Mastering bitcoin – Programming the open blockchain” (Antonopoulos 2014).

Blockchain technology is being considered as replacement in various fields such as Notary Public, Music Industry, decentralized storage and decentralized IOT, Private Security etc.

Internet Of Things

he Internet of Things, or IoT, refers to the billions of physical devices connected to the internet and collecting and exchanging data around the world. It's now feasible to turn everything, from a pill to a jet, into a part of the Internet of Things, thanks to the advent of super-cheap computer chips and the widespread availability of wireless networks. Connecting all of these diverse products and attaching sensors to them gives devices that would otherwise be dumb a level of digital intelligence, allowing them to convey real-time data without involving a person. The

Internet of Things is transforming the world around us, making it smarter and more resilient.

An IoT ecosystem is made up of web-enabled smart devices that gather, send, and act on data from their surroundings using embedded systems such as CPUs, sensors, and communication hardware. By connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device, IoT devices can share sensor data that is either routed to the cloud for analysis or examined locally. These gadgets may occasionally communicate with one another and act on the information they receive. Although individuals can engage with the devices to set them up, give them instructions, or retrieve data, the gadgets do the majority of the work without human participation.

The connectivity, networking, and communication protocols that these web-enabled devices use are primarily determined by the IoT applications that are installed. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning can also be used by IoT to make data collection processes easier and more dynamic.

In the present time there are more IoT connections than Non IoT connections. “The IoT is presently in the stage of quick applications and early applications. You know that track applications stage it is trying to forget the past such as switching all end of the home electrical appliances.” (Puneeth Kumar 2020).

Today's value comes from applications, which reduce the cost of monitor dinosaurs deploying IoT sensors and cameras for security and other purposes. The next level of the application process sends it to you, the stage of state applications. The goal of leveraging the Internet of Things is to improve the ability to foresee human requirements, such as purchasing groceries from smart cabinets that use computer vision cameras to monitor the number of common household products within and predict when they need to be replaced. Such applications go to the third level, assisted applications, or the fourth stage, when robotic activities are used to supplement human capabilities.

“Within a few years, devices on the IoT will vastly outnumber human beings on the planet—and the number of devices will continue to grow.” (Francis de Costa 2013).

The IoT network's unique architecture will be critical to its success. IoT services and devices will not run smoothly or offer critical services to users without a well-designed network infrastructure.The possibilities for IoT in the future are endless. Increased network agility, integrated artificial intelligence (AI), and the ability to deploy, automate, coordinate, and secure various use cases at hyperscale will accelerate advancements in the industrial internet. The promise is not only in enabling billions of devices at the same time, but also in harnessing massive amounts of usable data to automate a variety of business operations.

Service providers will move deeper into IT and web scale markets as networks and IoT platforms adapt to handle these difficulties, thanks to increasing capacity and AI, opening up entirely new revenue streams.

ERP Systems

ERP stands for enterprise resource planning, and it is a software application that automates business processes while also providing insights and internal controls. It is based on a central database that collects data from various departments such as accounting, manufacturing, supply chain, sales, marketing, and human resources (HR).Leaders receive cross-departmental visibility after information is aggregated in that central database, allowing them to assess numerous scenarios, uncover process improvements, and achieve significant efficiency gains.

As a result, individuals will spend less time digging for data, resulting in cost savings and increased productivity. ERP software that is tailored to a company's specifc needs pays off handsomely, making these symbiotic relationships possible.

While ERP is a type of business software, ERP systems are made up of many modules that each solve a different business need. Things-based businesses, for example, often have accounting, inventory and order management, customer relationship management (CRM), and manufacturing modules if they manufacture or assemble products. Accounting, project management, professional services automation, and CRM modules may be used by service organizations.

ERP systems operate on the basis of a well-defined data structure. Information entered in one department is immediately accessible to authorized users throughout the organization.

This standardized framework ensures that everyone is on the same page. Consider a local food distribution system with several sites that frequently share stock and workers.

When quality, sales, and employee data is input into the ERP system from these locations, it's formatted to show where location it came from. Data is then weaved into cross-departmental business processes and activities. Leaders can determine if one location is substantially better at preventing spoilage than a sibling site a few towns away and investigate why, while operations can ensure that staffing levels are in line with traffic patterns. Finance can help CEOs determine whether or not to combine by comparing sales to rents.

When a corporation has modules for each main business function and ensures fast, correct data entry, ERP systems provide the maximum value and the more people who have access to it, the better.When a corporation employs different vendors' business systems, connectors are usually available to have data flow into the ERP automatically. This information can then be used to assist any process or workflow within the ERP system.

“Organizations that implement ERP expect that data integration characteristics will improve the quality of their decision making as well as well as increase their efficiency. By using the best practice process that are supported by ERP organizations want to speed up their process and improve the quality of those process. In this way, they except that ERP will improve customer satisfaction and at the same time reduce working capital requirements.”

Research Paper 1

Research Paper 1

Research Paper 1

“Enterprise Resource Planning is one of the fastest growing segments in information technology. It enables organisations to respond quickly to the ever increasing customer needs and to capitalise on market opportunities.”

As ERP suppliers change their attention away from Fortune 1000 businesses and into diverse market groups, the future will see a strong competition for marketshare as well as mergers and acquisitions for strategic and competitive advantage.

The client will be the ultimate winner in this competition, since they will receive better products and services at lower pricing.

Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

Artificial intelligence, or AI, is a phrase that refers to systems or robots that mimic human intelligence in order to accomplish tasks and can iteratively improve themselves based on the data they collect. AI comes in a variety of shapes and sizes such as to improve scheduling, intelligent assistants employ AI to interpret crucial information from massive free-text datasets or recommendation engines can make automated TV show recommendations based on a user's viewing behavior.

AI is more about the process and the ability to think faster and analyze data than it is about any certain structure or function. Although pictures of high-functioning, human-like robots taking over the globe conjure up images of AI taking over the world, AI isn't meant to replace people.

Its goal is to vastly improve human skills and contributions. As a result, it is a highly valued commercial asset.

“The field of artificial intelligence, or AI, goes further still: it attempts not just to understand but also to build intelligent entities.” (Norvig, Russell 2020).

Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows computers to learn and improve on their own without having to be explicitly programmed.

Machine learning is concerned with the creation of computer programs that can access data and learn on their own. Algorithms are trained to generate classifications or predictions using statistical approaches, revealing crucial insights in data mining initiatives.

Following that, these insights drive decision-making within applications and enterprises, with the goal of influencing important growth KPIs. As big data expands and grows, the demand for data scientists will rise, necessitating the hiring of more data scientists.

“Because of its potential for eliminating hand coding of control strategies, reinforcement learning continues to be one of the most active areas of machine learning.” (Norvig, Russell 2020).

To fully comprehend how Artificial Intelligence works, one must first dig into the many sub-domains of AI and comprehend how those domains can be applied to various industries of the industry.

You might also enroll in an artificial intelligence school to obtain a thorough understanding of the subject.

Neural Networks: Neural Networks function in the same way that human neural cells do. They are a set of algorithms that capture the relationship between various underpinning variables and analyze the information in the same way that a human brain does.

Computer Vision: Computer vision algorithms attempt to comprehend an image by dissecting it and examining various elements of the objects.

This aids the machine's classification and learning from a group of photos, allowing it to make better output decisions based on prior observations.

Machine Learning (ML) is a technique for teaching a machine to make inferences and conclusions based on previous experience. It recognizes patterns, analyzes previous data, and infers the meaning of these data points without relying on human experience to draw a decision. This automation of reaching conclusions by analyzing data saves firms time and allows them to make better decisions.

Deep Learning is a machine learning technique. It trains a machine to classify, infer, and predict outcomes by processing inputs through layers.

Cognitive computing algorithms attempt to replicate the human brain by analyzing text/speech/images/objects in the same way that a human does and attempting to produce the required output.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the study of a machine reading, understanding, and interpreting a language. When a machine understands what the user is trying to say, it reacts appropriately.

Software Trends In IT

Technology is rapidly evolving today, allowing for faster change and progress and thereby accelerating the rate of change. However, it is not just technology trends and developing technologies that are changing; much more has changed this year as a result of the outbreak of COVID-19, which has made IT professionals recognize that their job in the contactless world of tomorrow will not be the same. And if you want to make the most of your time at home in 2022, here are a few developing technology trends you should keep an eye on and try in order to secure one of the jobs that will be generated as a result of these new technology trends, which include Internet Of Things :

As previously stated, the Internet of Things has deeply entered everyday human routines, and getting the most out of IoT requires integrating it with other groundbreaking technologies such as AI and Big Data, but it is one of the most significant advances in the computing industry.

As a growing number of observers realize, one of the most important aspects of the emerging Internet of Things is its incredible breadth and scope. Within a few years, devices on the IoT will vastly outnumber human beings on the planet—and the number of devices will continue to grow.

Billions of devices worldwide will form a network unprecedented in history.” (dacosta 2013).

Furthermore, the ongoing COVID pandemic has expedited the adoption of tech-driven healthcare transformation, implying that virtual visit numbers may soon reach billions. As a result, in 2021, healthcare software development systems will surely benefit from the latest software development technologies.

Furthermore, the emergence of smart city solutions has recently resulted in the implementation of IoT initiatives. When these ground-breaking projects continue to generate massive amounts of data, advances in 5G and edge computing will be able to propel data mining to new heights, as cities become tech hubs.

Blockchain

Blockchain is now being used in banking, finance, media, publishing, and healthcare software development, in addition to the finance sector. In a decentralized ledger, blockchain technology aids in the secure and simple recording of transactions. As a result, it is strategically vital for firms across all industries. Its major strength is its decentralized nature: it can store any form of document in a public-facing database that is very safe against hackers. They won't be able to readily attack and corrupt this information.

A big number of businesses are considering using blockchain development services. Distributed apps, or dApps, are recent blockchain-based app technical advances that have arisen as a popular choice for software developers to create decentralized safe open-source solutions.

It is expected that blockchain, which was first focused mostly on financial services, will now shift its focus to supply chain tracking. This is one of the most recent tech developments in software development, and Blockchain software developers are coming up with new and exciting methods to incorporate it into custom software development.

The financial services industry has already rebranded and privatized blockchain technology, referring to it as distributed ledger technology, in an attempt to reconcile the best of bitcoin—security, speed, and cost—with an entirely closed system that requires a bank or financial institution’s permission to use. Page 18 Blockchain Revolution (Tapscott, Tapscott 2016)

Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Extended Reality (ER) are the next great technological trends (ER). AR enriches the user's environment while VR immerses them in it.

Although this technology trend has mostly been utilized for gaming, it has also been used for training, such as with VirtualShip, a simulation software used to train ship captains in the United States Navy, Army, and Coast Guard.

We may expect these kind of technologies to become much more embedded into our lives by 2022. AR and VR have huge potential in training, entertainment, education, marketing, and even injury rehabilitation. They usually function in unison with some of the other developing technologies we've covered in this list. Both may be used to teach surgeons how to perform surgery, provide museum visitors a more immersive experience, improve theme parks, or even improve marketing, as in the case of this Pepsi Max bus shelter.

Disruptive Technology

Disruptive technology is a type of invention that drastically changes how customers, industries, or businesses work. Because it has features that are clearly superior, disruptive technology sweeps away the systems or behaviors it replaces.

Even a small business with little resources can disrupt technology by establishing a completely new way of doing things. Established businesses tend to concentrate on what they do best and strive for incremental improvements rather than radical transformations. They cater to their most affluent and demanding clients. This creates an opportunity for innovative enterprises to target underserved client niches and establish a presence in the market. Established businesses frequently lack the agility to respond rapidly to new threats. As a result, disruptors can move upstream and cannibalize additional consumer segments over time.

Companies that are willing to take risks may identify the potential of disruptive technology in their own operations and seek out new markets where it might be implemented. These are the technology adoption lifecycle's "innovators." Other businesses may be more risk averse and adopt an innovation only after seeing how it operates in the hands of others. Companies that fail to account for the implications of disruptive technology risk losing market share to competitors that have figured out how to incorporate it.

One of the example of disruptive technology is 3D printing technology which is swiftly solidifying its place in the future of industry, from producing novelty products to hearing aids, prosthetic limbs, and even spaceship engines. Since the 1980s, 3D printing has been around. It has, nevertheless, become increasingly available in recent years. It's now transforming the way we make things on a large scale. Faster, cheaper, and less wasteful builds are among the many advantages of this technology. It is also very customizable. Furthermore, 3D printing allows architects, clients, and shareholders to print conceptual ideas to get a complete view of the final product, reducing miscommunications about product requirements and design.

Elon Musk's Space X employed 3D printing to build the engine chambers of his Dragon spacecraft. It took only three months to get from concept to completion using 3D printing, significantly reducing lead time. The aviation sector, particularly Singapore Airlines Engineering Company, which has worked with Stratasys, is looking into the future benefits of manufacturing utilizing 3D printers. Singapore Airlines is considering establishing a facility to investigate the advantages of producing airplane parts.

3D printing is causing a stir in the construction business since it allows for the construction of basic houses and buildings for as little as $2000 USD. The construction sector is recognizing the advantages of more effective resource usage, less waste, reduced pollution and environmental impact, as well as improved health and safety. While 3D printing houses are not yet practicable for detailed and complex building projects, we are seeing the benefits of 3D printing houses in domains such as disaster assistance.

While Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are most known for their ability to take the entertainment business to new heights, they also have applications in healthcare, tourism, education, architectural design, sports, and other industries. With the advent of VR, AR, and MR (mixed reality), combining with existing software to help architects and 3D designers better comprehend and design their projects, showing them to their clients and shareholders in real time, a transformation in the construction industry is also envisaged. Construction will become more efficient as a result of combining VR with software such as BIM and big data practices, which will allow for more precise evaluations of the build by modeling behaviors.

Cloud Computing

The delivery of various services over the Internet is known as cloud computing. These resources include data storage, servers, databases, networking, and software, among other tools and applications. “Cloud computing can be defined as a new style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a services over the Internet.” (Furht 2010). Cloud-based storage allows you to save files to a remote database rather than maintaining them on a proprietary hard drive or local storage device. As long as an electronic device has internet access, it has access to the data as well as the software programs needed to run it.

Cloud computing is an abstraction based on the notion of pooling physical resources and presenting them as a virtual resource. It is a new model for provisioning resources, for staging applications, and for platform-independent user access to services. (Sosinsky 2011). For a variety of reasons, including cost savings, greater productivity, speed and efficiency, performance, and security, cloud computing is a popular choice among individuals and corporations.

Cloud service providers allow customers to store files and apps on remote servers and then access the information via the Internet. This means that the user does not need to be at a specific location to access it, allowing them to work from anywhere.

Cloud computing offloads all of the hard labor associated with crunching and processing data from the device you carry or sit at. It also offloads all of that work to massive computer clusters located thousands of miles distant in cyberspace. The Internet transforms into the cloud, and your data, work, and apps are accessible from any device that can connect to the Internet, wherever in the world. Cloud computing is available in both public and private versions. For a price, public cloud providers offer their services over the Internet. Private cloud services, on the other hand, cater to a limited number of customers. These services are a network system that provides hosted services. A hybrid option is also available, which includes components of both public and private services.

Different types of Cloud Computing :

Both public and private cloud computing options are available. Public cloud providers offer their services through the Internet for a fee. Private cloud services, on the other hand, are only available to a small number of people. These services consist of a network system that hosts services. A hybrid alternative is also offered, which combines public and private service components.

Software-as-a-service (SaaS) – The licensing of a software application to clients is known as software-as-a-service (SaaS). Licenses are usually supplied on a pay-as-you-go or on-demand basis. This kind of mechanism is available in Microsoft Office 365.

Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) – It is a mechanism for offering everything from operating systems to servers and storage as part of an on-demand service using IP-based connectivity. Instead of purchasing software or servers, clients can obtain these resources through an outsourced, on-demand service. IBM Cloud and Microsoft Azure are two well-known IaaS system.

Platform-as-a-service (PaaS) – The most complicated of the three layers of cloud computing is platform-as-a-service (PaaS). The key distinction between PaaS and SaaS is that instead of distributing software online, PaaS is a platform for producing software that is provided via the

Internet. Platforms like Salesforce.com and Heroku fit within this approach.

Programming Languages

Computer programming languages enable us to communicate with computers in a language that they comprehend. There are a variety of computer programming languages that programmers can use to interact with a computer, just as there are a variety of human-based languages. A "binary" is the portion of a language that a computer can understand. Compiling is the process of converting a programming language into binary. Each programming language, from C to Python, has its own unique characteristics, while there are numerous similarities between them.

“In computer science, the earliest type systems were used to make very simple distinctions between integer and floating point representations of numbers (e.g., in Fortran). In the late 1950s and early 1960s, this classification was extended to structured data (arrays of records, etc.) and higher-order functions. In the 1970s, a number of even richer concepts (parametric polymorphism, abstract data types, module systems, and subtyping) were introduced, and type systems emerged as a field in its own right. At the same time, computer scientists began to be aware of the connections between the type systems found in programming languages and those studied in mathematical logic, leading to a rich interplay that continues to the present.” (Pierce 2002).

These languages enable computers to process huge and complicated swathes of data fast and efficiently. If a person is given a list of randomized numbers ranging from one to ten thousand and asked to arrange them in ascending order, it is likely that it will take a long time and contain errors.

Low-level and high-level programming languages are the two types of programming languages.

Low-level programming languages are closer to machine code, or binary, than high-level programming languages. As a result, humans find it more difficult to read them (albeit they are still easier to comprehend than 1s and 0s). Low-level languages have the advantage of being quick and allowing exact control over how the machine operates.

Human communication is more closely resembled by high-level computer languages. High-level languages employ terminology (such as object, order, run, class, request, and so on) that are more familiar to humans. This makes them easier to program in than low-level programming languages, while translating them into machine code for the computer takes longer.

There are many programming languages available that enable you to do everything from create virtual reality experiences to video games and mor