The assignment: Write an introduction about (The prevalence of job burnout among working women). The introduction should give:
The assignment:
Write an introduction about (The prevalence of job burnout among working women).
The introduction should give:
1- Brief background of the topic you are discussing/presenting.
2- State the main aims and objectives of your piece of work.
3- Why did you choose this topic (why is it important?)
Note:
– 3 studies have been attached for use in writing the introduction.
– Introduction contains 200 words.
100 Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, April-June 2020, Vol. 14, No. 02
A Correlational Study to Analyse Burnout in Working Women and its Impact on Well Being
Farzana Nashu1, Shubha Arora2
1Intern (BOT Program), Department of rehab. Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, 2Assistant Professor (Occupational Therapy), Department of Rehabilitation Sciences. Jamia Hamdard Delhi, Formerly Head (Department of
Occupational Therapy) DIRD, GGSIP University, Delhi
Abstract The purpose of the study was “to find Correlational between burnout in working women and its impact on well being”. Total of 50 subjects were selected for the study and two groups were formed i.e. one of government and other of private, 25 subjects in each group. Burn out Questionnaire and wellbeing questionnaire was given to the subjects data was collected and analyzed and it was found that there is negative correlation between two variables with person coefficient of -0.33 and -0.5 for government and private sector respectively.
Keywords: Burnout; Wellbeing; correlation; working women.
Corresponding Author: Shubha Arora Assistant . Prof. Jamia Hamdard . Hamdard Nagar, Delhi; Formerly Head Department of Occupational Therapy DIRD; GGSIP University 120/B Deep Enclave Pocket-D Phase 3 Ashok Vihar Delhi-52
Introduction Burnout is defined as a syndrome of psychological
problems experienced as a result of chronic work stress.1 Burnout is “a state of physical, emotional or mental exhaustion caused by long term involvement in situations that are emotionally demanding”.6
Burnout syndrome was initially associated with health and welfare professions (health professionals, social services workers, criminal justice employees, teachers etc.)6 It has been evaluated by different questionnaire like Maslach Burnout Inventory, Copenhagen burnout inventory, Oldenberg burnout inventory, Burnout Questionnaire. Emotional exhaustion is defined as feelings of being emotional overextended and a strong reduction of one’s emotional resources. Depersonalization refers to a negative, compassionless
and detached attitude towards the person that one works with. Lack of personal fulfillment is accessed through a person’s negative self evaluation in relation to his or her job performance.5 Burnout Questionnaire was developed by Michelle A. Post. Burnout Questionnaire investigates burnout in three domains: Do you, Are you and Does your Job that focuses on physical, emotional and workplace oriented issues faced by the workers.27
Burnout causes tiredness, dullness, demoralization, dissatisfaction, incapability, aging, insensitivity, decrease in occupational motivation and joy of living which is experienced personally because of the occupational conditions requiring face to face contact and expecting high performance from the employee. Burnout causing aggressiveness, decline in performance, quality and the competence in the work does not just affect the person who is exhausted, but also other people who interact with him/her. Especially the performance of the teachers who are responsible with the education of the people in society is affected negatively. Decline in performance in teaching brings decline in teachers, concerning about students, administrators, parents and his/her job and also causes leaving negative impressions on the people contacted with.4
Teaching is considered as a highly stressful occupation.1 Emerging issues of concern in the teaching
DOI Number: 10.37506/ijpot.v14i2.2621
Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, April-June 2020, Vol. 14, No. 02 101
profession are attrition rates and burnout levels.2 supporting this, a number of studies have shown high level of stress and burnout experienced by teachers.1-3
Demographic such as occupational and psychological variables were taken into consideration during the studies on burnout of a wide variety of educators including academicians, high school teachers, primary school teachers and pre-school teachers. Studies have revealed that gender, age, total years spent in employment, total hours spent in a day, willingness to work, being appreciated and supported in job, having deserved degree in job, getting social support, number of the children in classes, quality of the educational institution, marital status and personal qualities of the teacher have effects on burnout level of educators.4
Teacher’s burnout may dramatically affect well being and their quality of life and hence leads to decline in the teaching efficiency. Feelings of burnout are a critical factor associated with teacher’s absenteeism and job turnover.3
The amount of stress and burnout experienced are interrelated with health and psychological problems. The increase in teacher’s burnout can have impact on thoroughness of classroom preparation and the involvement in classroom activities decline and student criticism increases. As a result a counter response from student may occur and they are likely to change their perception of the teacher, their feelings towards the teacher and their behavior in the classroom. Teacher burnout may reduce student’s intrinsic motivation which may deteriorate learning and engagement in tasks.3
Well being refers to diverse and interconnected dimensions of physical, mental and social well being. It includes choices and activities aimed at achieving physical vitality, mentality alacrity, social satisfaction, a sense of accomplishment and personal fulfillment.21-22 Teacher well being is a positive emotional state that combines the personal needs and expectations of both learners and their teachers. Well being is measured mainly through WHO Wellbeing Index, which is developed by WHO in collaboration between Centers for Mental Health.
Teacher well being and job satisfaction strongly influence teacher behavior and are positively related to school and classroom environment and students achievement. Few studies have empirically examined the association between burnout well being using WHO
Wellbeing Index scale.1 Studies have also depicted the negative relation between burnout and well being.1-2 some other shows positive relationship between teacher’s motivation and well being and learner’s performance.2-3 Moreover, teacher well being is related to job retention of highly qualified teachers which is especially important for school also. While many researches on teachers well being has tended to focus on negative aspect such as stress or burnout. The rational of the study is teachers in recent era have rapidly changing work environment that drives the knowledge, creation and innovation. This can have an effect on worker’s feeling of competence and well being. As technology is emerging, teacher has to develop new knowledge and skills to frequently perform new tasks. All the above factors have influence on teacher’s well being and working capability. As technology is emerging and shortage of time to complete deadlines and nuclear families of teachers, all of the above results in high stress and burnout and have an impact on education, so government and private sector will also be affected by these factors. Burnout may be different in different educational sectors and therefore well being will also be affected.
So this study investigates:
• Burnout in government teachers,
• Burnout in private teachers,
• Whether there is a significant relationship between burnout and wellbeing of teacher.
The aim of the study is to analyze burnout in working women’s and its impact on well being.
The hypothesis of the study is Government teacher experiences more burnout than Private teachers and burnout has negative impact on well being of school teachers.
Material and Method • Research Design: Correlational Study
• Sample Design: Convenience sampling
• Sample Size: N-50 (25 government and private each)
• Sample Source: Community (New Delhi and NCR).
• Sampling: Convenient sampling
Gender: Female
102 Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, April-June 2020, Vol. 14, No. 02
Location: community
• Method of selection: The subjects were selected according to the following inclusion and exclusion criteria.
A. Inclusion Criteria:
1. Age group between 25-50 years.
2. School Teachers.
3. Working Hours: More than 5 hours
B. Exclusion Criteria:
1. Mental Disorder
2. Pregnant teachers
3. Teachers who have less than one year of working experience.
• Outcome Measures:
A. Burnout Questionnaire**: Burnout questionnaire by Michelle Post is a standardized tool to asses burnout. It consist 28 response column/questions which are divided into three further sub categories It is scored according to 5 point scale:
The total scoring ranges from minimum 28 score to maximum 140 score13.
B. WHO (Five) WELL- BEING INDEX (1998 version)**: The World Health Organisation – Five Well- Being Index (WHO-5) is a short self reported measure for current mental wellbeing. The measure was first introduced in its present form in 1998 by the WHO. The WHO-5 WBI is suitable for children aged 9 and above.
** Permission for the use of both the scales has been taken from their respective authors.
Procedure:
A. Convenient sampling was done and the teachers were selected as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
B. Informed consent was taken by all the subjects.
C. Participant’s declaration form was filled by the subjects.
D. Identification data was collected through self made assessment sheet.
E. Both the scales (Burnout Questionnaire and WHO Well Being Index) were given to the 50 subjects (25
government and private teachers each)
F. The data was collected and analyzed.
Findings:
Data Analysis: The data was analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), Version 21.
The data was analyzed for all 50 subjects who completed the study. The T- Test was applied to find out level of burnout and well being in 25 government teachers and private teachers separately.
Karl Pearson test was performed to check the correlation between:
• Burnout and well being of government teachers.
• Burnout and well being of private teachers.
Results Total 50 subjects were taken for the study. All the
subjects were female which were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria in which 25 were from government sector and private sector respectively. The subjects were taken from community, having work experience of more than one year .
Burnout questionnaire was used to asses level of burnout in teachers of both the sectors, whereas well being was assessed by WHO-5 Well Being Index.
• Sample Characteristics: Total of 50 subjects were selected for the study .25 for government sector and other 25 for private sector mean and standard deviation of burn out and was calculated as reflected in Table 1.
Table 1: Mean and standard deviation of burnout between government and private female teacher’s
Group No. of
Sample Mean
Standard Deviation
Government 25 61.92 13.460 Private 25 59.72 7.458
NS-Not Significant: The result reflected that the mean was 61.92 and 59.72 in government and private teachers respectively. The mean difference between the two groups was found to be 2.20. Standard deviation was also calculated and found to be 13.460 in government and 7.458 in private teachers respectively as illustrated in table 8.1. T- test was applied and t-value and p-value was calculated that was found to be not significant. (Table 1).
Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, April-June 2020, Vol. 14, No. 02 103
• Correlation between burnout and wellbeing of teacher: The correlation was found out between burnout and wellbeing. Pearson correlation test was applied to find out the correlation between burnout and well being.
A. In Government Teachers:
Table 2: Correlation of burnout with well being of government teachers:
Burnout Well Being Score Burnout Pearson Correlation p-value N
1
25
-0.334NS 0.103
25
NS: Not Significant
The negative correlation between the burnout level and well being in government teachers shows that when level of burnout in teacher’s increases their well being decreases. The p-value was calculated (p-value 0.103) which is not significant. (Graph:1)
Graph 1: Correlations between burnout and well being in government teachers
B. In Private Teachers:
Table 3: Correlation of burnout with well being of private teachers:
Burnout Well Being Score Burnout Pearson Correlation p-value N
1
25
-0.519** 0.008
25
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level
A negative was correlation found between burnout and well being in private female teachers and is significant at the level of 0.01. The p-value was calculated that is (p-value 0.008) which is also significant. (Graph:2)
104 Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, April-June 2020, Vol. 14, No. 02
Graph 2: Correlations between burnout and well being in private teachers
Discussion The purpose of the study was to investigate the
level of burnout experienced by government and private female teachers and to analyze whether burnout has impact on well being of school teachers. A total of n-50 subjects were included in this study out of which 25 teachers were from government sector and 25 teachers were from private sector. Subjects were selected according to the exclusion and inclusion criteria and basic information was collected through the self-made assessment sheet. The subjects were asked to fill the Burnout Questionnaire and WHO-5 Well Being Index. Master chart was prepared and the collected data was analyzed.
The analysis of the collected data shows that government teachers had more burnout (61.92) than private female teachers (59.72). There mean difference was found to be 2.20. The well being is less in government teachers (15.72) than private teachers (17.40) and 1.60 was the mean difference obtained. The correlation between burnout and well being was obtained for government teachers was (-0.334) which shows negative correlation whereas in private teachers it was (-0.519) which was significant at the level of p-value >0.01 and shows negative correlation which suggested that when burnout increases well being decreases.
The above result was supported by Jasim-Al-Asadi
et al in 2008 titled “Burnout among primary school teachers in Iraq, concluded that work related factors shows significant association with burnout in government teachers.9 Whereas in private teachers Gulen Baran et al in 2010 in his research “Analysis of burnout levels of teacher” concluded that field of work, opportunities, physical condition at school impact the burnout levels of teachers.4
The study done by Fulya Cenkseven-Onder on “The Quality of school life and burnout as predictors of subjective well being among teachers showed that there is close relationship between positive events in life and affect and also between stressful events and negative effect. Therefore the teacher’s ability in coping with stressful events at the workplace may lead to have higher level of subjective well being.8
Teachers experiences high level of burnout at their workplace due to multiple factors like gender, age, total years spent in employment, motivations of teaching, educational system, willingness to work, being appreciated and supported in job, having deserved degree in job, university of, getting social support, number of the children in classes, quality of the educational institution, marital status and personal qualities of the teacher.4
Many comparative studies has been done on job satisfaction, stress and burnout level of government and private university/college teachers that shows that
Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, April-June 2020, Vol. 14, No. 02 105
government teachers experiences more level of stress/ burnout and has less job satisfaction than private teachers. The work was done by Turker Bar, Kadir Ardic 2002 and Salman Khalid et al in 2012.11-12
Study suggested that the value of correlation between burnout and well being in government teachers was not significant but there was a negative correlation (-0.334) while the value of correlation between burnout and well being in private teachers was significant and there was a negative correlation (-0. 519). Negative correlation between burnout and wellbeing measures highlights the impact of burnout on the health and well being of teachers. This suggested that when the level of burnout increases in teachers their well being decreases. Many studies have been done supporting this negative correlation between burnout and well being (Taciano L. Milifont et al 2007, Hitendra Pillay et al 2005).1-2
Conclusion The correlation of burnout with wellbeing
in government teachers is -0.334 and -0.519 in private teachers which is significant. The obtained result supported the experimental hypothesis that is Government teacher experiences more burnout than Private teachers and burnout has negative impact on well being of school teachers.
Being an occupational therapist stress/burnout should be addressed for the treatment in both government and private sectors. Management of burnout includes balance between work and daily activities ie in performance areas through relaxation techniques like Progressive muscle relaxation, Jacobson relaxation technique, deep breathing exercises and visual imaginary technique. Communication skill training (meditation and counseling) has a very good effect on burnout management.
Other occupational therapy intervention techniques include Activity-scheduling, work simplification, incorporating leisure activities and lifestyle modification. As the above techniques helps in reducing burnout that ultimately results in better wellbeing.
Conflict of Interest: Nil
Source of Funding: Self
Ethical Clearance: It is a Observational study
References 1. Milifont T L, Denny S, Ameratunga S, Robinson
E, Merry S, Burnout and Wellbeing: Testing the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory in New Zealand Teachers. Social Indicators Research, October 2007. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/225441646
2. Pillay H, Goddard R, Wilss L, Well-Being, Burnout and Competence: Implications for Teachers. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 2005, November, Vol.30, Issue-2, Article 3. http://dx.doi. org/10.14221/ajte.2005v30n2.3
3. Shen B, Martin J, Garn A C, Kulik N, The Relationship Between Teacher Burnout and Student Motivation, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 2015, July. https://www.researchgate. net/publication/280111189
4. Baran G, Bicakci M Y, Inci F, Ongor M, Ceran A, Atar G, Analysis of burnout levels of teacher, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2010, 9, 975-980. www.sciencedirect.com
5. Kokkinos C M, Job stressors, personality and burnout in primary school teachers, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 2007, 77, 229-243. www.bpsjournals.co.uk
6. Sestili C, Scalingi S, Cianfanelli S, Mannocci A, Cimmuto A D, Sio S D et al, Reliability and Use of Copenhagen Burnout Inventory in Italian Sample of University Professors, International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, 2018, 9 August, 15, 1708. www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
7. Hakanen J J, Bakker A B, Schaufeli W B, Burnout and Work engagement among teachers, Journal of School Psychology, 2006, 43, 495-513.
8. CENKSEVEN-ONDER F, Sari M, The Quality of School Life and Burnout as Predictors of Subjective Well Being among Teachers, Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, Summer 2009, 9, 3, 1223- 1236.
9. Asadi J A, Khalaf S, Waaly A A, Abed A, Shami S, Burnout among primary school teachers in Iraq: Prevalence and risk factors, E ast Mediterr Health Journal, 2018, Vol. 24, No.3. https://doi. org/10.26719/2018.24.3.262
10. Mantilla J M R, Diaz M J F, The effect of interpersonal relationships on burnout syndrome in Secondary Education teachers, Psicothema, 2017, Vol.29, No.3, 370-377.www.psicothema.com
106 Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, April-June 2020, Vol. 14, No. 02
11. Khalid S, Irshad M Z, Mahmood B, Job Satisfaction among academic staff: A comparative Analysis between public and private sector Universities of Punjab, Pakistan, International Journal of Business and Management, 2012, January, Vol.7, No.1.www. ccsenet.org/ijbm
12. Bas T, Ardic K, A comparison of job satisfaction between public and private university academicians in Turkey, METU Studies in Development,2002, 29 (1-2), 27-46.
13. Burnout Questionnaire, Adapted by Michelle Post, MA, LMFT from Public Welfare, American Public Welfare Association, 1981,Vol.39, No.1.
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Burnout Syndrome in Pediatric Practice
Article in Oman Medical Journal · July 2013
DOI: 10.5001/omj.2013.71 · Source: PubMed
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Oman Medical Journal (2013) Vol. 28, No. 4:252-254 DOI 10. 5001/omj.2013.71
Received: 02 Apr 2013 / Accepted: 29 May 2013 © OMSB, 2013
Burnout Syndrome in Pediatric Practice
Reem A. Al-Youbi and Mohammed M. Jan
Reem A. Al-Youbi, Mohammed M. Jan Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P O Box 80215, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Objectives: Burnout is a common work-related syndrome consisting of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and diminished feelings of personal accomplishment. Burnout influences the performance and efficiency of the healthcare professionals and therefore the quality of the care provided. This study aims to assess the burnout rates and potential determinants in pediatrics. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study involving physicians practicing pediatrics in the Jeddah area of Saudi Arabia was conducted utilizing the Maslach Burnout Inventory in addition to questions regarding work-related and lifestyle-related factors. Results: One hundred and thirty pediatricians (55% females) were included with age ranging between 25 and 45 years (mean: 30). Most (46%) were consultants and 54% practiced in a university based setting. Burnout scores were abnormal in 107 (82%) and in 45 (34%) the syndrome was severe. Males were more likely to reach a severe burnout category compared to females (40% vs. 31%; p=0.012). Academic pediatricians working in a university setting were much more likely to experience severe burnout compared to their counterparts working in other hospitals (50% vs. 19%; p=0.0005). Consultants were also more likely to experience severe burnout compared to residents and assistants (46% vs. 27%; p=0.03). Conclusion: At least one third of practicing pediatricians suffer from burnout syndrome. Specific strategies should be developed and implemented to limit and prevent professional burnout.
Keywords: Burnout Syndrome; Pediatrics; Child; Practice.
Introduction
Burnout is a common work-related syndrome consisting of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and diminished feelings of personal accomplishment.1-3 Affected individuals are unable to cope with emotional stress at work with negative, cynical feelings and attitudes toward their colleagues and patients. They often feel unsatisfied with their work and accomplishments.4 The prevalence of burnout syndrome is higher in professions that are physically demanding or those requiring higher levels of commitments with
stressful work environment.5 Examples of these situations include supervisory positions, surgical or procedural services; and intensive or emergency care services.6-8 All these situations frequently apply to pediatricians working in various services. Some pediatric subspecialties can be more emotionally draining than others including nephrology, oncology, and neurology.8-10 Pediatricians have to deal with children who have chronic i
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