HIS 100 Module Five Activity Template: Historical Interpretations

Replace the bracketed text below with your responses.

Describe how exploring your research question improved your understanding of the historical roots of your current event.

[Insert text.]

Explain how biased perspectives influence what is known about both your historical and current events.

[Insert text.]

Propose how the narrative about your historical event might change if it were told from a missing perspective.

[Insert text.]

Propose how the narrative about your current event might change if it were told from a missing perspective.

[Insert text.]

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HIS 100 Module Four Activity Template: Bias in Primary Sources

Locate an additional primary source relevant to your historical event. Use it and the primary source you identified in a previous module to answer the questions below. Replace the bracketed text with your responses.

Source One

Conduct source analysis on a primary source relevant to your historical event.

Attempt to write the APA-style citation for your first primary source and include a link to it. You will not be penalized for incorrect format.

· Hirsch, J. S. (2002). Riot and remembrance: The Tulsa race war and its legacy. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Respond to the following questions:

· Who authored or created the primary source?

· This primary source was authored by James S. Hirsch

· What was the author’s position in society at the time the primary source was created?

· A scholar and a teacher of American history.

· When was the primary source created?

· The primary source was created in 2002 after intensive research on the event by the author.

· Where was the primary source created, released, or publicized?

· The primary source was created in New York and was published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt publishers.

· Who was the intended audience for the primary source?

· The intended readers of the primary source included students of history, history readers, government officials, teachers of history, and the general public that cared to know Tulsa race massacre facts.

· Why was the primary source created?

· After intensive research on the Tulsa race massacre, James S. Hirsch authored this primary source to give accounts of some historical events that occurred during the Tulsa race massacre. The author wanted to explain the causes of the massacre and expose some of the hidden intrigues that motivated the participants of the massacre. James S. Hirsch also created the primary source to add to the available literature and knowledge on the events that surrounded the Tulsa race massacre.

· Whose perspective(s) is presented in the source?

· Throughout the source, James S. Hirsch presents the perspectives of many different individuals and groups. Some of the individuals include the victims of the massacre, the author's perspective, perspectives of the inquest groups, and perspectives of the general public including the city officials and the law enforcers.

Source Two

Conduct a source analysis on a primary source relevant to your historical event.

Attempt to write the APA-style citation for your second primary source and include a link to it. You will not be penalized for incorrect format.

· Tulsa Historical Society and Museum, (n.d.), 1921 Tulsa race massacre. Tulsahistory.org. https://www.tulsahistory.org/exhibit/1921-tulsa-race-massacre/

Respond to the following questions:

· Who authored or created the primary source?

· This primary source was created by the Tulsa History Society and Museum Editors.

· What was the author’s or creator’s position in society at the time the primary source was created?

· The creators of the source were historians who were employed by the institutions that created the source.

· When was the primary source created?

· The primary source's date of creation is unknown but the website is updated frequently. However, it was certainly created after 1921.

· Where was the primary source created, released, or publicized?

· The primary source was created and published in Tulsa Oklahoma, U.S.A.

· Who was the intended audience for the primary source?

· The intended readers of the primary source included students of history, history readers, government officials, teachers of history, and the general public that cared to know Tulsa race massacre facts.

· Why was the primary source created?

· The source was created to inform the general public about the issues, events, and other intrigues that were involved in the massacre. The source also provides reports and facts of the event.

· Whose perspective(s) is presented in the source?

· Perspectives presented in the source include those of the victims, commissions, researchers, government and city officials, law enforcers, and the general public.

Both Sources

Analyze the primary sources relevant to your historical event for the presence of bias.

· Bias is one issue that affects the content of any researcher's work. Therefore, many researchers make efforts to ensure that the content of their publications is not biased considering the two sources under analysis, it is apparent that James S. Hirsch and Tulsa History Society and Museum Editors made efforts not to be biased in one way or the other. In their different sources, the creators of the sources provided facts and complete information about the event. However, there are instances where the figures that were reported by the authors differ. In both sources, the authors have presented media clips, facts, figures, documents, letters, and report findings to solidify their respective arguments. Finally, there are some instances of bias in James S. Hirsch's source as many accounts relating to the event that relate o the whites were not well presented.

Compare how your historical event is represented in your primary sources.

· Generally, the authors of the two different sources did intensive research to present sufficient facts, explanations, and information about the Tulsa race massacre. Reading through the sources will reveal how the authors did intensive research to unearth relevant facts and information relating to the massacre. The authors presented illustrations inform of pictures and figures among other visuals to help the reader create a vivid picture of the events or occurrences in the massacre. Compared to James S. Hirsch's source, Tulsa History Society and Museum Editors organized their source better by creating different sections for different information or content relating to the event. This was relevant because it allows the audience to understand each event one by one. All documents, pictures, letters, commission reports, and other media clips are well presented and illustrated in the sources.

References

Hirsch, J. S. (2002). Riot and remembrance: The Tulsa race war and its legacy. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Tulsa Historical Society and Museum, (n.d.), 1921 Tulsa race massacre. Tulsahistory.org. https://www.tulsahistory.org/exhibit/1921-tulsa-race-massacre/

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HIS 100 Module Four Activity Template: Historical Narratives

Locate an additional secondary source relevant to your historical event. Use all four of your sources (two primaries and two secondaries) to answer the questions below. Replace the bracketed text with your responses.

Attempt to write the APA-style citations for your four sources. Include links to each source. You will not be penalized for incorrect citation format.

· Hirsch, J. S. (2002). Riot and remembrance: The Tulsa race war and its legacy. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (Primary Source).

· Tulsa Historical Society and Museum, (n.d.), 1921 Tulsa race massacre. Tulsahistory.org. https://www.tulsahistory.org/exhibit/1921-tulsa-race-massacre/ (Primary Source).

· Messer, C. M. (2021). Causes of the Tulsa Race Massacre. In The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre (pp. 33-53). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-74679-7_3 (Secondary Source).

· Krehbiel, R. (2019). Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a massacre. University of Oklahoma Press. Retrieved from, https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZX6mDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR15&dq=secondary+sources+of+the+tulsa+massacre&ots=a0XEBelGpo&sig=MKk-ecJuhJAqV-RT6yw4_YvUS4g (Secondary Source)

Compare the narratives presented in your primary and secondary sources relevant to your historical event.

· After conducting intensive research on publications that were done on this subject or event, I identified the above-listed primary and secondary sources for comparison. To begin with, I realized that primary sources provide more diverse information on the event as compared to secondary sources. Again, many of the primary sources are created by institutions as compared to secondary sources which are mainly authored by individuals. The article that was authored by Messer (2021), presents sufficient information on the causes of the Tulsa race massacre as compared to that provided by the primary source that was created by the Tulsa Historical Society and Museum which is one of the most popular primary sources that investigated or report issues related to the massacre. Compared to Krehbiel's (2019) secondary article, Hirsch's (2002) primary article provides intensive reports on the event, especially on the findings of the commissions that were formed to investigate the event. Hirsch (2002) provided an intensive explanation of the key events, individuals, and groups that participated in the Tulsa race massacre.

The similarity between all the primary and secondary sources is that all the creators of the sources agree that the massacre was instigated by reports of the intended lynching of Dick Rowland, a 19-years old black man who had been accused of assaulting a 17-years old white girl, Sarah Page. Secondly, all sources assert that the shooting and subsequent death of the white man at the O.B motivated the killing that happened at the police station that left 12 people dead. A notable difference between the primary and secondary sources is the figures that were presented relating to the causality and the value of the damages. Figures that are presented in most secondary sources are not similar to those presented by primary sources. For example, Tulsa Historical Society and Museum editors reported that the vent resulted in the death of 39 people while Krehbiel (2019) reported that more than 43 people perished during the massacre. Again, Messer (2021) reported that 35 square blocks of the Greenwood neighborhood were destroyed. On the contrary, Hirsch (2002) argued that the value of properties destroyed cannot be estimated. Many of the secondary sources do not report some of the key figures involved in the massacre. Some of the figures and groups that fueled the massacre were not reported by, both primary and secondary sources. The information is provided in many commission reports, but some sources are biased because they did not include some of the commission findings.

Describe one narrative that has significantly influenced the contemporary understanding of your historical event.

· After reading the narratives compared in this exercise, it was clear to me that a source was created by the Tulsa Historical Society and Museum. The source provides updated information on the event and relates it to other new related events. Secondly, these sources provide important information which explains some of the causes of the massacre and how such causes can be thwarted in the future to avoid such events. Again, the source provides reports from different commissions that were established rather informed to investigate the issues that surrounded the vent and explain the recommendations that the commissions provided to help the audience understand how racism contributed and still contributes to racial animosity in the past and present American society. Explain how the chosen narrative helps you better understand your historical research question.

· The racial undercurrents currently rocking our society are becoming ever stronger and the rifts that they are leaving in their wake leave us with one question are these past events relevant to today’s society? Through the Tulsa massacre, hoping to point out their relevance in society today. I also hope to find out the significance of these events to today’s society. It is indeed true that society learns from past mistakes to ensure that the future is bright. Tulsa Historical Society and Museum source editors provide sufficient explanation on how the existence of racism contributed to the onset of the Tulsa race massacre. The accounts of the source are important to the current society as they inform the society what to avoid and the dangers of racism in the society. The source provides recommendations that can be implemented by the current leadership to avoid such events.

References

Hirsch, J. S. (2002). Riot and remembrance: The Tulsa race war and its legacy. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Krehbiel, R. (2019). Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a massacre. University of Oklahoma Press. Retrieved from, https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZX6mDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR15&dq=secondary+sources+of+the+tulsa+massacre&ots=a0XEBelGpo&sig=MKk-ecJuhJAqV-RT6yw4_YvUS4g

Messer, C. M. (2021). Causes of the Tulsa Race Massacre. In The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre (pp. 33-53). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-74679-7_3

Tulsa Historical Society and Museum, (n.d.), 1921 Tulsa race massacre. Tulsahistory.org. https://www.tulsahistory.org/exhibit/1921-tulsa-race-massacre/

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Alexis Waterman

HIS 100 Module Three Activity Template: Revising Questions

Replace the bracketed text below with your responses.

Identify a historical perspective that could be applied to your historical event.

America has witnessed many massacres in its history. However, one of the massacres that have been isolated from others because of their magnitude is the Tulsa race massacre. The Tulsa race massacre is unique in different dimensions. Firstly, it was race or ethnic-based. Secondly, it lasted for a few days, but the consequences were terrifying. The historical perspective that can be attributed to the Tulsa race massacre is racism between whites and minority ethnic groups, including blacks (Tulsa Historical Society and Museum, n.d.). From my standpoint, it is evident that the massacre could not have sprouted if the idea of racism could not have taken over the minds of the event participants. The whites could not have planned to lynch Dick Rowland if they were not racists or were not pushed by the spirit of racism.

Revise your research question based on evidence from your primary and secondary sources.

· Original Research Question: Considering evidence from primary and secondary sources, is it true that political figures and city officials with racist ideas instigated the Tulsa race massacre?

· Revised Research Question: Racism was the main cause of the Tulsa race massacre in Greenwood District in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Explain how historical perspective and evidence from sources influenced your finalized research question.

African. Racism has been and remains to be the leading cause of many massacres, wars, and misunderstandings between different ethnic groups in America. Based on evidence from the dissimilar primary and secondary sources consulted to complete the current assignment, it is obvious that Dick Rowland was accused of assaulting Sarah Page because he was black, and Sarah was white (Messer, 2021). Again, it is evident that blacks were fighting against whites who wanted to lynch Dick Rowland because he was black, and this was a trend that was taking its toll in America. The Tulsa massacre occurred at the time when many black people accused of crimes had been lynched because of racism.

References

Messer, C. M. (2021). Causes of the Tulsa Race Massacre. In The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre (pp. 33-53). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-74679-7_3

Tulsa Historical Society and Museum, (n.d.), 1921 Tulsa race massacre. Tulsahistory.org. https://www.tulsahistory.org/exhibit/1921-tulsa-race-massacre/

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HIS 100 Module Three Activity Template: Historical Context 

Replace the bracketed text below with your responses.

Describe the historical context surrounding your historical event.

The Tulsa race massacre is one of American history's most famous racial violence. The massacre took place between May 31 to June 1, 1921 (Krehbiel, 2019). It began when the mob from the white race armed with weapons given to them by city officials attacked black residents and destroyed their homes and properties. Businesses of the blacks were not spared during the massacre that occurred in Greenwood District in Tulsa, Oklahoma, US. Also known as the Tulsa race riot or the Black Wall Street massacre is considered one of the deadliest terrorist events in American history. More than 35 squire blocks of the wealthiest black communities were destroyed (Tulsa Historical Society and Museum, n.d.). The event began on the memorial day when a 19 years old black shoe shiner Dick Rowland was accused of assaulting Sarah Page, a 17 years old white elevator operator. The event led to 39 deaths, of which 26 were blacks, and 13 were whites.

Describe a key historical figure or group’s participation in your historical event.

The Tulsa race massacre involved two main ethnic groups, the whites and the blacks living in Greenwood District. The blacks were involved in the massacre because of the rumors that spread after Dick Rowland was arrested and taken to custody that whites were surrounding the jail waiting to lynch him (Tulsa Historical Society and Museum, n.d.). Seventy-five black men with weapons went to the jail to ensure that The white mob did not lynch dick, Rowland. The massacre also involved white militants and jail sheriffs who wanted to control the situation and bring culm to the jail premises. Other people involved in the massacre included members of the right and left-wing movements and civil movement leaders (Messer, 2021). It is also clear from the inquest reports of the event that white city officials participated in the massacre by providing weapons to the white mob.

Explain the key historical figure or group’s motivation to participate in your historical event.

Different factors instigated the participants in the Tulsa massacre to participate in the event. Firstly, the black Americans were motivated by the rumors that the white Americans were daring to lynch Dick Rowland, who had been accused of assaulting Sarah Page (Messer, 2021). They wanted to ensure that Dick Rowland was safe in custody. Secondly, the whites were motivated to participate in the following reports in the newspaper that Dick Rowland tried to rape Sarah Page. They were also motivated by the shooting of an old white man shot by a black sheriff at the O. B. when trying to disarm the guard (Krehbiel, 2019). There was an exchange of gunfire, and the event left 10 whites and two blacks dead. These deaths accelerated the riot to other parts of the neighborhood.

Articulate how the historical context caused or influenced your chosen historical event.

The bad blood between the blacks and whites in America has deep historical roots and is race-based. The lynching of the black Americans accused of crimes was prevalent during this period. It resulted in the death of many innocent people who were not given a chance to defend themselves before the judge (Messer, 2021). I chose this event because it provides historical facts on how prejudice directed at black Americans increased the level of racism in American society. It also exposes the root cause of the tension that has prevailed over the years between the blacks and the whites in American society.

Explain how connecting your historical event and current event improves the understanding of your topic.

Racism in America is not new, but it has its roots in history. Historians can best understand the origin of racism in American society if they study historical events such as the Tulsa race massacre (Messer, 2021). The event was not a civil riot, but it was an ethnic clash pegged on the bad blood and malice between the whites and the black races in America (Tulsa Historical Society and Museum, n.d.). Racism is the main reason why the Tulsa race massacre occurred. The event exposes the damages, harms, and dangers associated with racism. The event provides vital facts that inform society why it should work to eliminate racism in America.

References

Krehbiel, R. (2019). Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a massacre. University of Oklahoma Press. Retrieved from, https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZX6mDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR15&dq=secondary+sources+of+the+tulsa+massacre&ots=a0XEBelGpo&sig=MKk-ecJuhJAqV-RT6yw4_YvUS4g

Messer, C. M. (2021). Causes of the Tulsa Race Massacre. In The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre (pp. 33-53). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-74679-7_3

Tulsa Historical Society and Museum. (n.d.). 1921 Tulsa race massacre. Tulsahistory.org. https://www.tulsahistory.org/exhibit/1921-tulsa-race-massacre/

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HIS 100 Module Two Activity Template: Historical Research Question

This activity is your last chance to choose a topic. Topic changes may be based on your research or instructor feedback. Then write a historical research question that addresses an aspect of your finalized topic. Replace the bracketed text below with your responses. 

Non-graded portion: 

· Tulsa race massacre

Graded portion: 

Write a clear, relevant, and focused research question about your finalized topic. 

The racial undercurrents currently rocking our society are becoming ever stronger and the rifts that they are leaving in their wake leave us with one question are these past events relevant to today’s society? Through the Tulsa massacre, hoping to point out their relevance in society today. I also hope to find out the significance of these events to today’s society.

Explain how another person’s beliefs, assumptions, and values may lead that person to create a different question than you.

After reading on the Tulsa massacre, it echoed several a few first-hand experiences with racism in my life. One of such experiences that bothers me happened a while back while in a dollar store with my son and cousin who wanted to buy toy guns so that they could play pretend police, as we were at the counter we met a white woman and her son who seemed to like the toy guns my son and cousin had as he thought them to be cool as they made noise and would light up while making the noise. The boy asked his mom if he could have one however, the woman denied the boy’s request saying he would not become a little thug, like my son and cousin.

Based on my personal experiences I do believe that racism is a taught behavior, this comes from several generations of people being told they were better than others based on the color of their skin. I would personally never teach my children that they are better than others solely based on the color of their skin. It would be better to teach them to love and value themselves just as much as they love anyone else.

The Tulsa race massacre is still relevant to modern society today as racism is still prevalent in today’s society the simple fact that there is still a debate on whether the Tulsa incident was a riot or a massacre makes it even more relevant as it is a clear sign that the color of a person’s skin makes others want to treat and judge them differently and try to put them on a lower standard as themselves, to gain an advantage or just to feel better about themselves.

References

Tulsa Historical Society and Museum, (n.d.), 1921 Tulsa race massacre. Tulsahistory.org. https://www.tulsahistory.org/exhibit/1921-tulsa-race-massacre/

Messer, C. M. (2021). Causes of the Tulsa Race Massacre. In The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre (pp. 33-53). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-74679-7_3

Krehbiel, R. (2019). Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a massacre. University of Oklahoma Press. Retrieved from, https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZX6mDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR15&dq=secondary+sources+of+the+tulsa+massacre&ots=a0XEBelGpo&sig=MKk-ecJuhJAqV-RT6yw4_YvUS4g

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HIS 100 Module Two Activity Template: Primary and Secondary Sources

Replace the bracketed text below with your responses.

Non-graded portion: 

· List your historical research topic here: 

· The Tulsa race Massacre

 

Graded portion: 

Distinguish between primary and secondary sources.

Primary sources are often fast hand accounts of an event that were created by people at the time of the event or years later, they come from the individual’s personal histories, journals, and some memoirs. Some of these records can be found in media such as video and audio recordings and artwork, such media include newspaper articles, manuscripts, photographs, videos, and artifacts. Secondary sources on the other hand are often interpretations of primary sources they are mostly information that originate from a different place and are often generalized and analyzed interpretations and synthesis of primary sources of research information

Explain why it is important to consult a variety of sources when conducting historical research. Include specific details and examples.

In research, it is important to consult a variety of sources, this is because consulting other sources invites other people to either provide support or contrast an idea or a topic of discussion. This helps a historical researcher to clarify and expound on each aspect they are studying or analyzing. They also help in giving new insights and dimensions of a topic as one learns more about the issues relating to the topic being researched. Some issues that were important at the time of the subject being studied can still be the same issues that we are being challenged by today. By comparing and contrasting with others one’s explanations become clearer and thorough as the researcher’s perspective will be challenged and refined through other authors and sources. This can be seen in the Tulsa massacre as there were two conflicting stories to the event one of which was adamant that it was a riot while the other insisted that it was a massacre. If a modern researcher unfamiliar with the event were from either side they would be blinded by the perspectives of their side without accepting the other.

Identify one primary source that would help investigate your research question (include the title, author, and link to the source).

Many sources exist on the Tulsa race massacre of 1921 however for a primary source the Tulsa Historical Society and Museum offers a far wider range of research resources than any other. On their website (https://www.tulsahistory.org/exhibit/1921-tulsa-race-massacre/), they have uploaded all the relevant documents that as newspaper clippings, death reports, letters, and other media sources tired to the event which paint a picture of the issues, facts, and intrigues that make up the story of the event.

Identify one secondary source that would help investigate your research question (include the title, author, and link to the source).

Through the works of Messer and Krehbiel in their works Causes of the Tulsa Race Massacre https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-74679-7_3 and Tulsa 1921: Reporting a Massacre <a rel='nofollow' target='_blank' href='https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&

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