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Evaluate the ways in which the Congress of Vienna uprooted the progress of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars?
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Age of Revolutions
Napoleon and the Congress System
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
The Directory under the new Constitution gave a lot of power to the military.
Assisted the antimonarchist coup d’etat in 1797 and saved the Republic.
Military Victories
Early on Napoleon was very successful.
1797 – Treaty of Campo Formio controlled Switzerland and Italy.
1799 – Invaded Egypt
State of France
The Directory encounters problems
– Economic Crisis
– The International War
Constitution of Year VIII – Abbe Sieyes employed Napoleon to stage a second coup d’etat.
“confidence from below, power from above.”
The Consulate
1799 – Napoleon became First Consul
1799-1804 – Napoleon secured power as the ruling figure in France.
Napoleon began his consulate by establishing peace among his enemies.
He weeded out any opposition and took absolute rule.
Protector of the Republic?
Quickly Napoleon established a balance of power by applying democratic principles, such as:
Destroyed Feudal Privileges
Security of Property for the Middle Class
Universal Male Suffrage
Treaties
1801- Treaty of Luneville took Austria out of the war.
1802- Treaty of Amiens brought peace to Europe, including Britain.
1802 – Concordat in Rome brought peace with the pope and the church.
Napoleonic Code
1802 – Napoleon became “Consul for Life” and then led France into a codification of laws.
1804 – Napoleonic Code helped establish a Dynasty.
Emperor Napoleon I – December 2, 1804.
The Empire
Between 1804 -1807, Napoleon wraps the European Continent in war.
Very successful on land, but no match for Britain on the sea.
October 21, 1805 – Battle of Trafalgar … Horatio Nelsen
Naval Blunder
Napoleon lost the Battle of Trafalgar to the British.
He lost all hopes of invading Britain
Launched an Economic War on Britain and continued his march across Europe.
Conquering Europe
On land, Napoleon’s army was brilliant.
Battle of Austerlitz 1805 made Napoleon master of all German lands.
Treaty of Pressburg made Napoleon the king of Italy.
Battle of Austerlitz
Political Changes
In July 1806, Napoleon organized the Confederation of the Rhine and dissolved the HRE.
Battle of Jena 1806, he defeats the Prussians
By 1807, Napoleon was master of all German Lands.
Treaty of Tilsit – July 7, 1807 made Prussia and Russia allies of Napoleon.
A Dictator of Sorts
Napoleon transformed Europe into a Continental System.
Instituted Reforms wherever he ruled.
-Napoleonic Code
-Freed serfs and peasants
-social distinctions
German Nationalism
Most of German lands were subject to the rule of Napoleon.
Only Prussia governed itself.
Many German Romantics developed a nationalistic spirit that called to resist French Rule.
Prussian Reform
Prussia feared another defeat like the one at Jena, in 1806.
Instituted internal reforms.
– Political Reform
– Military Reform
Baron von Stein (1757-1831)
Count von Hardenberg (1750-1822)
Europe at War
The Wars of Liberation
Spain – more than any other country resisted French Rule.
Austria – tried to establish a war of revenge, but lost at every chance.
In 1809, Napoleon married the Austrian princess Marie Louise.
Pyrrhic Dance
Several factors led to the war between France and Russia
1. Breaking the Treaty of Tilsit
2. Failed marriage negotiations
3. The Continental System
By 1810, Tsar Alexander declared war on the French Empire.
A Dead End War
Napoleon’s Grand Army greatly outnumbered the Russians.
The invasion, however, did not favor Napoleon.
Russians employed a “scratch and burn” tactic.
Russian Preparation
Battle of Borodino
Moscow, 1812
European Coalition
Metternich rounded up a coalition to rid Napoleon of European dominance.
Russia, Prussia, Austria, & Britain
Battle of Nations, in 1814 forced Napoleon to abdicate and flee to Elba.
The Congress of Vienna
Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh & Prince Metternich headed the congress.
Treaty of Chaumont – March 9, 1814
– Restoration of Bourbons
– Quadruple Alliance
Congressional Policy
“It is our duty, as well as interest, to regard, if we cannot avert, the return of a more contentious order of things….”
~R. S. Castlereagh
Bourbon Restoration
Louis XVIII agreed to a constitutional monarchy and guaranteed the following:
– an elected legislature
– religious freedom
– The Napoleonic Code
– equality before the law
The Hundred Days
On March 1, 1815, Napoleon returned to France and seized power.
The Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw and went after him.
June 18, 1815 – Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo and sent into exile on St. Helena.
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon’s Legacy
Napoleon’s reign following the revolutionary government showed the power of the nationhood, which inspired Europe.
Birth of the Age of Ideologies
Romanticism, Nationalism, Liberalism
Bourbon Restoration
Louis XVIII – political realist
Constitutional Monarchy established
The “Charter”
Ultraroyalism – White Terror
Nationalism
The belief that a nation is composed of people who are joined by common bonds.
Opposed the Congress of Vienna
The notion of “popular sovereignty”
The Nation and Nationhood.
Nations on the Rise
Developed a “national” language that did away with dialects.
The Printed Word
Nationhood as way to bridge together people of an ethnic group.
Nationalists put pressure on Empires
Liberalism
Liberalism grew out of the nineteenth century political turmoil.
Seeped in Enlightenment ideals.
Wanted Constitutions and political freedom.
Responsible Government
Political & Economic Goals
Wanted boarder political participation, but not democracy.
Privilege based on wealth and property.
The rising middle-class
Laissez-faire Economics
Conservatism
The domestic political order among European countries tended to be conservative in form & principle.
Pillars of conservatism were legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches.
Epitome of Conservatism
Conservative Tenets
Opposed the rule of popular sovereignty and economic liberty.
Limited constitutions – power control by monarchies & aristocracies.
The alliance system
Universities
Several student groups rise up supporting the cause of nationalism.
Burchenschaften – Germany
Karl Sand – 1819-20 became a martyr for the student nationalist groups.
Sand murders Kotzebue
Sand’s Execution
Carlsbad Decrees
Government officials appointed to each University
No teacher/professor allowed to serve as a government official
Banned secret societies and organizations
Rule of expulsion
Problems in England
Lord Liverpool’s Ministry & Popular Unrest
Poor Law and Unions
The Peterloo massacre 1819
The Six Acts & Parliamentary Reform
St. Peter’s Field 1819
Six Acts
Forbade large public meetings
Raised fines for seditious libel
Speedy trial for political agitators
Increased newspaper tax
Prohibited the training of armed groups
Allowed local officials to search homes on suspicion.
The Congress System
1815-1822 European international relations were controlled by congresses.
1815: Vienna “Concert of Europe”
1818: Aix-la-Chapelle
1820: Troppau
1821: Laibach
1822: Verona
Congress of Vienna
Metternich wanted to assure that peace in Europe was maintained.
Authority of the monarchies and aristocracies.
Mutual consultation of politics.
Problems
The aftermath of the Congress of Vienna sparked a number of opposition uprisings.
Crisis, Revolt, and Revolutions
Reform Movements on both sides liberal and conservative
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle
Arranged for the withdrawal of the allied army of occupation from France
Admitted France into the concert of Europe.
Congress of Troppau
Summoned by Metternich because of the outbreak of revolution in Spain.
Protocol of Troppau authorized armed intervention into any state that engaged in a revolution.
England opposed.
Next Week
Mid-Term Exam
Review the study guide and study the terms. ‘
1 hour for the exam followed by a short lecture.
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Industrial Revolution and Romanticism
Week 7
Modern Age
Revolutions – Process of Change
Middle Ages —> Modernity
Role of the Individual in Society
Social Contract
Background to the Age of Revolutions
Renaissance and Reformation
Scientific Revolution
English Civil War
Enlightenment
Eighteenth Century
The process of reasoning and rationalizing the universe led to a series of significant and sudden changes.
Why does the need for change occur in society?
Toward an Industrial Society
Industrialization was one of the final steps in ushering tin change from medieval to modern society.
Great Britain led the charge for the Industrial Revolution.
Society becomes transformed.
Britain’s Advantage
Commercial Vigor
Transportation
Raw Materials
Labor
Capital
Entrepreneurship
Great Britain
Industrialism started in Great Britain in 18th century.
By the turn of the century Britain had successful factories all over the world.
Textiles, ironmaking, shipbuilding, china production.
Flying Shuttle
1733- John Kay invented the “fly shuttle” allowed one person to operate a loom.
Spinning Jenny
1765- James Hargreaves created the “spinning jenny”, which spun 16 spindles of thread at a time.
Water Power
1769 – Richard Arkwright applied waterpower to the spinning process.
Railways
The most significant development during this time was railway building.
Increased migration and the production of capital goods.
In effect, it brought industrialization at more rapid rate.
Hallmarks of the Railroads
1763 – James Watt improved the Newcomen engine and created the steam engine.
Financial banking of Matthew Boulton, they made a fortune.
1820 – Georg Stephenson created the “Rocket” land rail traveling 16 miles per hour.
The Labor Force
Factory workers varied…at first most enjoyed a decent wage and comfortable living style.
Few exceptions, such as women and children who were numbered the “laboring poor”
Working Class
Proletariat meant the workers of the means of production.
Workers contribute their labor for a wage…no longer own the means to production.
The emergence of factories
Competition
Factories forces artisans and craftsman to compete for sales.
Confection – less skill, uniform products.
Division of labor increased in the workshop, but devalued the product
Political Action
During the 1830s, the working class began to take action against the oppression.
Chartism – London Working Men’s Association.
Wm. Lovett demanded reform from parliament….but ultimately lost.
Luddism
Ned Ludd – legendary hero of the Working Man
Origin of British Labor Unions
Fought for rights against the Factory Owners.
Family Ideals
The Industrial Revolution also affected the development of families across Europe.
The Cult of True-Womanhood and Domesticity
The Separate Spheres
Romanticism
Coping with Change = Transformative Property
William Wordsworth
The Prelude 1805
Lyrical Ballads
“While with an eye made quiet by power of harmony, and the deep power of joy, we see into the life of things”
“The best laid schemes of mice and men do often go awry and leave us not but grief and pain for promised joy”
Clearly the Age of Revolutions ignited change but did the revolutionaries take it too far?
Next Week
Be able to show and account for how and why the revolutionary movements of 1848 failed.
Specifically connect it to the disappoint felt at the end of the revolutionary movements as seen in Flaubert’s writing.
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