For each style covered in the unit, find at least

R E V I V E

I N D S 2 1 1 D E S I G N B L O G

C H R I S T I N E M I N S U M M E R 2 0 2 1 | P R O F . G O N A N O | H I S T O R Y O F I N T E R I O R D E S I G N

" I A M N O T A D E C O R A T O R .

T H E O N L Y P L A C E I D E C O R A T E I S M Y

O W N H O U S E . ”

– F l o r e n c e K n o l l

A N C I E N T E G Y P T

A N C I E N T G R E E C E

A N C I E N T R O M E

A N C I E N T C H I N A

This leather stool from P o t t e r y B a r n reuses a signature style of Ancient Egypt . The X – Shaped

base is present in the modern

rendition . Additionally , leather , a

prominent material used in

ancient Egyptian culture is

featured . The smoky tones of

both the leather and the wood is

yet another way the ancient stool

has been revamped to suit a

modern interior .

It is fascinating to see that an

ancient style and the most

elemental type of seating is stil l

being used today . The X – shaped

base allows for furniture to be

collapsed and therefore portable ,

but also adds a l ight airiness to

the aesthetic of furniture .

A N C I E N T

E G Y P T

" I f y o u s e a r c h f o r t h e l a w s o f

h a r m o n y , y o u w i l l f i n d

k n o w l e d g e . "

– E g y p t i a n P r o v e r b

S T O O L W I T H X – S H A P E D B A S E

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L4

The Klismos Chair had sabre legs ,

which meant that the legs curved out

opposite each other . This iconic chair

featured a curved back that hugged

the human body and the seats were

made of cloth or leather .

The modern T r i s t a n A c r y l i c Klismos Chair certainly echoes the original

chair ' s shape and curvature of the

backing and legs . The difference l ies

in the futuristic clear material of

acrylic and the cushioned velvet seat .

Judging by the curves of the back

seat , one can deduce that the ancient

Greeks were conscious of ergonomics

and prioritized comfort , especially

when seating those in higher social

classes . The matching degree of

curving in the backing and legs is also

an admirable harmonic design choice .

A N C I E N T

G R E E C E

" W e a r e w h a t w e r e p e a t e d l y

d o . E x c e l l e n c e , t h e n , i s n o t a n

a c t , b u t a h a b i t . "

– A r i s t o t l e

K L I S M O S C H A I R

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L

5

This T r i s t a n A u e r armchair is a dramatic piece that flaunts the

component of the sella curulis

that is most distinctive – the

double – X form . Instead of the X –

form only being used for the

base , the entire X creates the

form of the armchair . The top is

an enticing and stylish seat ,

while the bottom part of the X

serves as a sturdy base .

The sella curulis was an

important seat meant for those

in higher power such as

emperors and magistrates . The

sleek and robust modern

rendition of the sella curulis

surely emboldens users with

confidence f it for an emperor .

A N C I E N T

R O M E

" S a y n o t a l w a y s w h a t y o u

k n o w , b u t a l w a y s k n o w w h a t

y o u s a y . "

– C l a u d i u s

S E L L A C U R U L I S

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L

6

Featured on H o m e D e s i g n i n g , this modern Chinese house exhibits a

lattice style used in ancient

Chinese interiors . Lattices were

used in the past to achieve the

integration of both the interior

and exterior , a principal

component of Chinese interior

design .

The modern utilization of ancient

lattices brings a zen sensation to

the home due to the lattice ' s

calming repetitive shapes and

harmonic placements , evocative of

the satisfaction one feels when

fitting puzzle pieces together .

Just as the indoor lattices used in

the past served as screens to

divide rooms ( one of many

purposes ) , the modern lattice

usage is also used to separate

spaces and define interior zones .

A N C I E N T

C H I N A

" O n e b e a m , n o m a t t e r h o w b i g ,

c a n n o t s u p p o r t a n e n t i r e h o u s e

o n i t s o w n . "

– C h i n e s e P r o v e r b

L A T T I C E

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L 7

G O T H I C

I T A L I A N R E N A I S S A N C E

F R E N C H R E N A I S S A N C E

E N G L I S H R E N A I S S A N C E

H i n e s o f O x f o r d

S a v e o n T a p e s t r i e s

T A P E S T R I E S

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L

The cassapanca translates to " chest –

bench " and serves those two exact

purposes . This furniture piece

provides seating and also the seat

itself can be opened ( with the help

of hinges ) for any storage uses .

When I f irst saw images of the

cassapanca , I immediately thought

of church pews . However , I believed

the important storage feature of

this multifunctional furniture piece

was too intelligent to ignore .

Featured on W a y f a i r , this storage bench also provides users with two

purposes . There is faux leather

cushioning for extra comfort that I

imagine the cassapanaca did not

provide in the past , and the fl ip – top

reveals ample storage space that

can be used for anything from

throw blankets to children ' s toys .

I T A L I A N

R E N A I S S A N C E

" I t h a d l o n g s i n c e c o m e t o m y

a t t e n t i o n t h a t p e o p l e o f

a c c o m p l i s h m e n t r a r e l y s a t b a c k a n d

l e t t h i n g s h a p p e n t o t h e m . T h e y

w e n t o u t a n d h a p p e n e d t o t h i n g s . "

– L e o n a r d o d a V i n c i

C A S S A P A N C A

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L

10

The prestige piece , armoire á deux corp ,

was a cupboard separated into two

sections . The lower section and upper

section of doors were separated by a set of

drawers in the middle . Armoire á deux

corps were usually made of oak , and the

modern revival is also made of oak .

Featured on H o u z z , the modern rendition of the armoire á deux is not as glamorous

as the historical usage . However , the

mimicry of the original paneling is

admirable . Just as with the original design ,

there are door – l ike panels at the top and

bottom , separated by drawer – l ike panels in

the middle . Additionally , times progress ,

and humans develop different needs . I

believe that using an armoire for

televisions can be a great way to conceal

technology and even keep it out of the

reach of impressionable children .

F R E N C H

R E N A I S S A N C E

“ I g o t o s e e k a G r e a t P e r h a p s . ”

– F r a n ç o i s R a b e l a i s

A R M O I R E Á D E U X C O R P S

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L 11

The English Reniassance cupboard was

highly decorative as well , with carvings ,

inlay , and architectural motifs

ornamenting every inch of the furniture

piece . Seeing the extravagant designs

in history ' s furniture makes me ponder

about the dedication and appreciation

we modern folk have on our own

furniture designs .

Another modern usage of a historical

cupboard – style furniture piece is bar

cabinetry . Just as the example above

was used to conceal , this cupboard

conceals wine and drinks . This modern

design suits our society in the moment

and I am positive as our society

progresses , we will see more changes

from the historic Renaissance cupboard

designs .

E N G L I S H

R E N A I S S A N C E

“ B r e v i t y i s t h e s o u l o f w i t . ”

– W i l l i a m S h a k e s p e a r e

C U P B O A R D

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L 12

F R E N C H B A R O Q U E

F R E N C H R O C O C O

W I L L I A M A N D M A R Y

Parquetry is a wood veneering or inlay

arranged in a geometric pattern .

Parquet flooring originated in 16th

century France , beginning with talented

artisans f itting blocks of small wood

pieces , varying in size and color , to

create elaborate designs . The French

word " parquetry " means " small

compartment . The famous Hotel de

Soubise features parquet pattern

flooring .

F R E N C H

B A R O Q U E

“ D r a w i n g i s t h e s k e l e t o n o f

w h a t y o u d o a n d c o l o r i s i t s

f l e s h . ”

– N i c o l a s P o u s s i n

P A R Q U E T R Y

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L

Parquetry is widely used in the modern

world and have countless design

configurations . This wood tile sample

from L o w e ' s is laid out in a wonderfully symmetrical manner and can bring a

harmonious and dynamic character to

any home . Usually seen throughout

history with a high sheen , this modern

rendition opts for a faded matte look ,

perfect for a farmhous aesthetic .

14

Along with asymmetry , rocaille , S and

C scrolls , the Acanthus leaf was a

si gnature motif used in French

Rococo furniture and interiors . The

Acanthus leaf was f irst used by the

Greeks in architectural

ornamentation , friezes , and capitals

of columns . However , during the

French Rococo period , the Acanthus

leaf was exaggerated and stylized to

be excessively elaborate .

F R E N C H

R O C O C O

" T h i s v i s i o n i s w i t h i n o u r

g r a s p . "

– F r a n c o i s B o u c h e r

A C A N T H U S L E A F M O T I F

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L

The S h a d e s o f L i g h t Acanthus Leaf Li ght Fixture is one way this famous

Rococo motif has survived into

modern days . The style of the leaves

are not nearly as elaborate as the

Rococo version , it is instead much

si mpler in form and a great way to

integrate natural motifs into a space .

The usage of gold , however , is

reminiscent of the past ' s gilded

version .

15

W I N G B A C K C H A I R

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L

R e j u v e n a t i o n ,

F R E N C H N E O C L A S S I C A L

F R E N C H E M P I R E

G E O R G I A N

The settee was very similar to a

chair but a horizontally expanded

version of it . Settees had less

upholstery than sofas and were

made to seat multiple people .

F R E N C H

N E O C L A S S I C A L

" T h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e s t a t e

m u s t c o m e f i r s t . "

– L o u i s X V I

S E T T E E

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L

The modern version provided by

A r h a u s , is created of recycled leather rather than fabric covers .

The form of the modern settee is

much simpler and exudes casual

elegance . The legs are not as

elaborate as their historical

counterpart but they do taper at

the end as a nod to the past .

Learning about the settee and

researching modern usage has been

interesting because it initially

looked so similar to a loveseat .

Through research , I discovered that

settees have indeed transitioned to

" courting settees " or " loveseats " .

18

Napoleon Bonaparte ' s wife , Josephine ,

had purchased a small chateau in

1799 . Her room was designed with

fabrics that made the room look l ike a

tent . The fabric was draped between

posts to give the i l lusion that the posts

were supporting the tent – l ike room .

F R E N C H

E M P I R E

" N e v e r i n t e r r u p t y o u r e n e m y

w h e n h e i s m a k i n g a m i s t a k e . "

– N a p o l e o n B o n a p a r t e

F A B R I C D R A P E R Y

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L

Featured in H o u s e & G a r d e n , designer Henri Fitzwill iam created a tent

environment in the dining room , similar

to the style in Josephine ' s room . Just as

the vertical stripes in the historical

example match the very thin vertical

lines in the modern example , both

environments have an elegant circus

aesthetic . Fitzwill iam used R a l p h L a u r e n fabric to create a noise – reducing roof to the dining room in a

country home . There seem to be more

functions of fabric usage in today ' s age

19

Featured on H o u z z , H i g h B y B o b o I n t r i g u i n g O b j e c t s ' s Saratoga Chest is a sleek , mid – century modern version of

the historical chest on chest . Created

from solid oak , the tiers of drawers

mimic the two ' chests ' seen in the

Georgian furniture piece . Wood

patterns were of large importance in

the Georgian era and the modern

Saratoga chest seems to have a subtle

wood grain that matches its simple

si lhouette , I believe the modern chest

looks weightier due to its lack of legs

but looks l ike a safer furniture piece

because of the cut corners .

The popular ' chest on stand ' from the

William and Mary era had been

replaced with the ' chest on chest ' . This

new kind of chest stand provided a

double set of drawers instead of one in

the previous rendition .

G E O R G I A N

" A t r a i t o r i s e v e r y o n e w h o

d o e s n o t a g r e e w i t h m e . "

– G e o r g e I I I

C H E S T O N C H E S T

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L 20

S H A K E R

T H O N E T

V I C T O R I A N

Shakers left their storage elements

without decorative elements . However ,

instead of obvious motifs , they instead

embraced the natural wood grain of

the natural materials and did not use

stains to cover it . They also used

hardware placements to bring in visual

interest .

S H A K E R

" D o a l l y o u r w o r k a s t h o u g h

y o u h a d a t h o u s a n d y e a r s t o

l i v e ; a n d a s y o u w o u l d i f y o u

k n e w y o u m u s t d i e t o m o r r o w . "

– M o t h e r A n n L e e

D R E S S E R

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L

The modern armoire from W a y f a i r has the clean and simple look of Shaker

storage furniture . The hardware of this

piece is also placed in functional parts

of the armoire but also brings rhythmic

patterns that excite the eyes . Due to

the modern method of widely

accessible manufacturing , this

furniture piece also embraces its wood

grain but the wood is not as matte as

the historical piece was . I believe that

having a shinier quality to the storage

piece makes it look more modern .

22

The modern Wave Bentwood Rocking

Chair from B 2 H mimics the curvil inear l ines of the original

Bentwood Rocker , but simplifies the

lines . Instead of more curves and

scrolls , the modern rendition opts

for a cleaner look . The use of metal

and leather cushioning of the

seating allows for durability and a

long l i fe in a home or office .

This furniture invention was the f irst

bentwood rocker ever made . Michale

Thonet found inspiration for this

piece after attending the Crystal

Palace exhibition in Hyde Park ,

London . Thonet is famous for his

method of gluing thin strips of wood

together and attaching metal straps

to beech rods . This allowed for

bending wood without splintering . In

the case of the Bentwood Rocker ,

this method proved to be crucial for

the many curves present .

T H O N E T

I n 1 8 5 3 , T h o n e t f o u n d e d h i s

o w n c o m p a n y , G e b r ü d e r T h o n e t

( T h e T h o n e t B r o t h e r s ) , w h i c h

a t i t s p e a k i n t h e m i d – 1 8 7 0 s

p r o d u c e d 2 , 0 0 0 u n i t s a d a y

a n d e m p l o y e d o v e r 4 , 0 0 0

w o r k e r s .

B E N T W O O D R O C K E R

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L 23

The modern l incrusta featured on

L i n c r u s t a . c o m is similar to the historical example in that it is meant to decorate the

lower areas of the walls ( dados ) and the

motifs and designs are flowing and

vertically elongated . Although the designs

are also very similar to each other , I feel

that the modern rendition is much l ighter

and fresh than the heavier Victorian

lincrusta . The modern l incrusta seems to

be less raised and adds visual interest to a

room rather than weighing it down .

In 1877 , Frederick Walton invented

lincrusta . This wallcovering was originally

marketed as l inoleum that was placed on

the wall . This was a valuable feature for

fastidious Victorians because l inoleum was

easy to clean and maintain . Lincrusta was

the f irst washable wall covering . This wall

covering was made of l inseed oil and

canvas , it could be painted , or even faux –

f inished to mimic other materials .

V I C T O R I A N

" W e a r e n o t i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e

p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f d e f e a t ; t h e y d o

n o t e x i s t . " – Q u e e n V i c t o r i a

L I N C R U S T A

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L 24

E U R O P E A N A R T S & C R A F T S

A M E R I C A N A R T S & C R A F T S

A R T N O U V E A U

J A P A N E S E

This modern Bow Arm Morris Recliner

featured on H o u z z is a modern rendition of the original Morris chair .

The arms are much longer than the

original , but this allows for more

comfort . The sides are slatted just as

the original was although the

individual slats are much simpler and

sleeker . Lastly , the adjustable back

has been refined to be easier to use .

One of Morris & Co . ' s most famous

inventions was the Morris chair .

Created in 1866 , this chair had an

oak frame with wool tapestry

upholstery . This design was

revolutionary because the back was

adjustable . By moving the pegs on

the back of the chair , the back could

be moved to suit any user . This chair

was plagiarized often by Gustav

Stickley . Even to this day , there are

chairs that resemble the Morris

Chair but are labeled as Stickley .

E U R O P E A N A R T S & C R A F T S

" H a v e n o t h i n g i n y o u r h o u s e

t h a t y o u d o n o t k n o w t o b e

u s e f u l , o r b e l i e v e t o b e

b e a u t i f u l . "

– W i l l i a m M o r r i s

M O R R I S C H A I R

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L 26

This Robert Louis Tiffany Tropical Birds

Pendant Lamp from L a m p s P l u s is a modern example of a stained glass

Tiffany Lamp . Instead of the widely

accessible lamps that were produced in

the past , this rendition is meant to be

hung from the ceiling . Although the

placement of this lamp differs , the

stained glass elements can stil l be

admired by users . This lamp paints a

narrative of a family of birds that can

add movement to a dining or l iving room .

Louis Comfort Tiffany and Associated

American Artists had designed many

interiors with stained glass designs . To

become more accessible to the public ,

these designs were introduced as

stained glass lamps . Today , it is common

for any stained glass lamp to be called a

Tiffany lamp because of the f irm ' s

historical contributions .

“ T h e a r t o f f u r n i t u r e w i l l b e t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l a r t i s t t h r o u g h t h e p o w e r s o f t h e m a c h i n e — t h e m a c h i n e d o i n g a l l t h o s e t h i n g s t h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l w o r k m a n c a n n o t d o .

– F r a n k L l o y d W r i g h t

T I F F A N Y L A M P

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L

A M E R I C A N A R T S & C R A F T S

27

The modernized Cobra Chair was created

by C a r l o C o l u m b o who sought guidance from Bugatti ' s interior designer , Etienne

Salome . The shape of the cobra is stil l

present but the obvious " head " of the

cobra is disguised into the motif instead of

the form of the back of the chair itself . The

gap between the seat and the b ack of the

chair is stil l present and can stil l prevent

clothing from being wrinkled in today ' s

modern culture . I think that the essence of

the original cobra chair is present but this

modern take resembles much more of a

chair than the historical version .

The Cobra Chair , created by Carlo Bugatti ,

was given this name because the chair was

shaped l ike a cobra . The medallion on the

back of the chair featured Islamic motifs .

The intentional space left between the

back and seat of the chair was to

accommodate for men and women ' s long

clothing such as coattails and dresses .

A R T N O U V E A U

" T h e c r e a t i o n c o n t i n u e s

i n c e s s a n t l y t h r o u g h t h e m e d i a

o f m a n . "

– A n t o n i G a u d í

T H E C O B R A C H A I R

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L 28

N o r t h S i s t e r ,

K A I D A N – D A N S U

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L

I N T E R N A T I O N A L S T Y L E

D E S T I J L

A R T D E C O

Featured on I n t e r i o r D e s i g n , A r t G r o u p created a new interior for a Moscow Home with a

contemporary international style

aesthetic . There is certainly more

color integrated into this version .

However , there are stil l smooth

planes , minimal accessories , and

unadorned furniture . I personally

like this playful rendition of the

austere style ; although the walls

and ceilings are smooth , the

angles integrated into the space

bring interest into an otherwise

plain room .

The International Style

emphasized volume over mass ,

l ittle to no ornamentation , and

standardization of elements . The

Farnsworth House features

smooth flat ceilings , excessive

glass , leather furniture , and steel

tables .

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

S T Y L E

" A r c h i t e c t u r e i s t h e w i l l o f a n

e p o c h t r a n s l a t e d i n t o s p a c e . "

– L u d w i g M i e s v a n d e r R o h e

I N T E R I O R

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L31

On the site H o m e D e s i g n i n g , the modern De Stijl home visualized by

D a r i a Z i n o v a t n a y a features subtler notes of the famed geometric and

primary color attributes . The 1927

design of Cafe Aubette showcases bold

triangles and integrates vivid colors .

The contemporary rendition opts for

sli ght variations from the primary color

palette . Darker tints make the space

more modern and inviting for a home .

The rug also adds more visual interest

with the addition of a variety of

geometric shapes . The tasteful stripe

in the ceiling is a wonderful touch that

provides another pop of color and

symmetrical l ine .

Characteristics of the De Stijl style are

strong horizontal and vertical l ines ,

geometric shapes , and an emphasis on

primary colors . Piet Mondrian and

Gerrit Rietveld are famous De Stijl

artistis that have greatly influenced De

Stijl interiors .

D E S T I J L

" A r c h i t e c t u r e b e l o n g s t o

c u l t u r e , n o t t o c i v i l i z a t i o n . "

– A l v a r A a l t o

" T H E S T Y L E "

M O D E R N

H I S T O R I C A L 32

I was surprised to see that the world –

famous rapper , Drake , had a Toronto

mansion styled in a contemporary art

deco style . His mansion exudes luxury ,

with all of its reflective surfaces , rich

marble , starburst chandelier , and

geometric glass panels . I think art deco

is a wonderful style that would suit the

lives of celebrities as it is known for its

gl amour .

Art Deco interiors are characterized by

rich colors , bold geometric forms ,

strong symmetry , and an overall

glamorous aesthetic . This style was

popular in the 1920s to 40s . Chevron

and starburst motifs were used often ,

while shiny materials such as mirrors ,

brass , metal , and polished wood were

used often in art deco spaces .

A R T D E C O

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