Use your textbook, any related videos listed on the course homepage and related powerpoint presentations posted on the course

Culture

How Many Cultures Are

Represented in this Class?

• What criteria are you using to determine

how many cultures are here?

What is Culture?

• All the shared activities and beliefs that a

group of people agree upon

Components of Culture

• What makes up culture?

• Symbols, language, norms, values, beliefs

customs, traditions, food, sports, art,

music, dress, technology, objects, religion,

education, families, government,

economies, etc.

Cultural Relativism

• Understand another culture from their

perspective, do not use your culture to

judge another

Body Modifications Over Time

• http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/exhibits/online_exhi

bits/body_modification/bodmodpierce.shtml

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoxHUuiA8cU

Record for Face Piercing

Other Examples?

• Can you think of different behaviors from

our own?

• Food, holidays, pets, etc.

• Where do we draw the line?

Muslim & Hindu Parents in India Drop

Babies 50 ft. for Good Health

• http://www.reuters.com/news/video?videoI

d=81490

FGM – Female Genital Mutilation

• http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJ0l9yDgN-8

FGM

• FGM is the cutting of the clitoris of girls in order

to curb their sexual desire and preserve their

sexual honor before marriage. Those who

survive are often traumatized and may suffer

adverse health effects during marriage and

pregnancy. Human rights activists and

international human rights organizations view

FGM as a pervasive form of violence against

women and have been vocal in the global

awareness campaigns to end the practice.

Top Model Katoucha Niane

• Yves Saint Laurent Model

Fatima from Somalia

• 22 years old, lost two sisters in the war

and is a survivor of FGM.

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in

Iraqi-Kurdistan

• FGM is a major problem in some Islamic

societies, and the practice has a

tremendous cost—many girls bleed to

death or die of infection.

Dr. Nahid Toubia, Columbia U.

www.RAINBO.org

Taboos

• A strong social prohibition

• Examples?

• Incest, cannibalism, etc.

• A mores or a folkway?

Incest

• Three groups required brother-sister

marriages for their high nobility: the

ancient Egyptians, the Incas of Peru, and

the old kingdom of Hawaii.

Thonga of East Africa

• Some groups also allow sex between

fathers and daughters.

• Permit a hunter to have sexual intercourse

with his daughter before he goes on a lion

hunt.

Azande of Central Africa

• Permit high nobles to marry their own

daughters.

Burundi of Tropical Africa

• When a son is impotent the mother is

supposed to have sex with him in order to

cure his impotence.

Concept of ―Culture Bound‖

• Humor/Jokes depend upon cultural

context

Q: ―Why did the chicken cross the street?

A: ―To get to the other side.‖

Material & Ideational Culture

• Material Culture

– objects and products of a culture

Ideational Culture

• Ideas of a culture

• General Knowledge – facts and

setting info. Statements

• Guidelines for Behavior – norms and

values

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

• Postulated by Anthropologist Edward Sapir and

Benjamin Whorf

• Culture gives us language

• Language gives us ideational culture

• Ideational culture gives us material culture

• So, language, ideational culture, and material

culture are all positively correlated

Anthropologist Edward Sapir

(1884-1939)

• Born in Poland

• Educated at Columbia U.

• Arguably the most influential

figure in American linguistics

• Studied Wishram Chinook,

Navajo, Nootka, Paiute,

Takelma, Yana, etc.

• Pioneer of Yiddish

Benjamin Whorf (1897-1941)

• Student of Edward Sapir

• American Linguist

• Chemical Engineering, MIT

• Linguistics, Yale U

• Studied Native American lang.

• Hopi Language (found it to

contain no words, grammar

or expressions that refer to

―time‖, or to past, present, or

future)

Ideational Culture

• General knowledge

– facts

– setting information statements

• Guidelines for behavior

– norms

– values

Norms

• What is a norm?

• William Graham Sumner (1840-1910),

Yale U.

• Two types of norms?

• Mores

• Folkways

Mores

• Formal, written rules for behavior

• Usually with rigid consequences

• Examples?

• Laws, company/school policies, etc.

Folkways

• Unwritten, informal rules for behavior

• Not always severe consequences if not

followed, but in some cases yes

• Examples?

• Manners, family rules, how fast to drive,

how we greet each other…

The Handshake

Bowing

Rubbing Noses

The Air Kiss

The Political Air Kiss…

…and in some cultures men kiss to

greet each other…

Cultural Universals

• An element, pattern, trait, or institution that

is common to all human groups.

• Examples?

• Language, family, religion, art, etc.

Cultural Diffusion

• The rate or speed at which material or

ideational culture is spread.

• Radio 40 years to gain 50 million listeners

in the U.S.

• T.V. 14 years to gain 50 million viewers

• Internet 4 years to gain 50 million users

Cultural Leveling

• Process by which material or ideational

culture is spread in a culture

• Examples?

• Advertising, word of mouth, etc.

Cultural Laggard

• When an individual or group does not use

a part of the material or ideational culture

of their culture, or uses it much after most

Popular Culture

• Popular culture – what the masses have

access to

High Culture

• High culture – usually only the elite have

access to

American Culture

American Culture is also about:

• Values – that which we desire

• What do we value?

What Americans Value…

• Money

• Freedom

• Houses

• Family

• Education

• Religion

• Equality…

Global Culture?

• What is meant by a global culture?

• That the world is moving towards one

culture (a unicultural world)

Evidence of a Global Culture

• Global flow of people

• Global flow of information

• Global flow of goods

Cultural Groups

• Dominant Culture

• Subculture

• Counterculture

Dominant Culture

• The group, usually largest in size and/or

has the power

• Sets the norms and values for all

Subculture

• Smaller part or group from the dominant

culture

• Rejects norms OR values set by the

dominant culture/group

• Examples?

• Teens, gangs, Dems/Reps

Counterculture

• Rejects BOTH norms AND values set by the dominant culture

• Negative and positive groups

• Charismatic leader

• Separatism

• Examples?

• Relig. Cults, KKK,

Amish

Jim Jones (1931-1978)

• Peoples Temple, IN, CA, Guyana

Jonestown, Guyana, So. America

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IY3cx3

U0gYE

Amish Video

• http://www.libraryvideo.com/streaming.asp

?sku=D6672

The Amish – Subculture or

Counterculture?

P. Diddy & the Amish?

Diddy Spent His Summers with an

Amish Family

• Sean Combs spent his childhood summers with

an Amish family, shoveling horse manure daily.

His mother enrolled him in the Fresh Air Fund,

an organization for inner-city kids to spend time

in rural communities each year.

• He says, "I stayed with an Amish family every

summer. No electricity, a bunch of farm work,

moving horse manure every morning, no

telephones. It was a great experience for me, it

was something I really enjoyed."

Dominant, Subculture or

Counterculture Groups Often

Feel… • Ethnocentrism

• Egocentrism

• Xenocentrism

• Tommie Smith (gold medal) and

John Carlos (bronze medal) display

the Black Power salute on the

200 m winners podium at the

1968 Summer Olympics

Ethnocentrism

• Belief that one’s group is superior

• Produces Us v. Them mentality

Can Also Produce

In-Group Solidarity

• 1989

Out-Group Hostility

Egocentrism

• The belief that others think like you and

have the same beliefs and/or that they

should!

After 9/11

• Americans shocked we were not liked by

everyone

Xenocentrism

• The preference for the products, styles, or ideas

of someone else's culture rather than of one's

own; thinking your culture is inferior

The Real World SIXTH EDITION

n W. W. NORTON

NEW YORK • LONDON

The Real World An Introduction to Sociology

SIXTH EDITION

Kerry Ferris | Jill Stein

W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division  of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books  by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By midcentury, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing   program—  trade books and college  texts—  were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred  control of the company to its employees, and  today—  with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of  trade, college, and professional titles published each  year—  W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and  oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees.

Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2014, 2012, 2010, 2008 by Kerry Ferris and Jill Stein

All rights reserved Printed in Canada

Editor: Sasha Levitt Project Editor: Diane Cipollone Editorial Assistants: Miranda Schonbrun, Erika Nakagawa Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson Managing Editor, College Digital Media: Kim Yi Production Manager: Eric  Pier-  Hocking Media Editor: Eileen Connell Media Project Editor: Danielle Belfiore Media Editorial Assistant: Grace Tuttle Marketing Manager, Sociology: Julia Hall Design Director: Rubina Yeh Photo Editor: Ted Szczepanski Permissions Manager: Megan Schindel Permissions Clearer: Bethany Salminen Composition: Jouve Illustrations: Alex Eben Meyer Manufacturing: Transcontinental

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v

KERRY FERRIS is Associate Professor of Sociology at Northern Illinois University. She  uses ethnographic methods and a symbolic interactionist approach to study celebrity as a system of social power. Her past studies have included analyses of fan- celebrity relations, celebrity sightings, celebrity stalking, red- carpet celebrity interviews, and the work lives of professional celebrity impersonators. Her current project examines small- market television newscasters in the American Midwest and their experiences of celebrity on a local level. Her work has been published in Symbolic Interaction, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, The Journal of Popular Culture, and Text & Performance Quarterly. She is the coauthor, with Scott R. Harris, of Stargazing: Celebrity, Fame, and Social Interaction.

JILL STEIN is Professor of Sociology at Santa Barbara City College, which was recently named the top community college in the United States by the Aspen Institute. She teaches introduction to sociology in both face- to- face and online formats every semester. In addition, she is involved in many student- success initiatives at the local and state levels. Her research examines narrative processes in twelve- step programs, the role of popular culture in higher learning, and group culture among professional rock musicians. Her work has been published in Symbolic Interaction, Youth & Society, and TR AILS (Teaching Resources and Innovations Library).

About the Authors

vii

Contents PREFACE xxiii

CHANGES IN THE SIXTH EDITION xxix

PART I: Thinking Sociologically and Doing Sociology 2

CHAPTER 1: Sociology and the Real World 6

How to Read This Chapter 9

Practical vs. Scientific Knowledge 9

What Is Sociology? 9

The Sociological Perspective 10 Beginner’s Mind 10

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Doing Nothing 11

IN RELATIONSHIPS: It’s Official: Men Talk More Than Women 12

Culture Shock 12 The Sociological Imagination 13

Levels of Analysis: Micro- and Macrosociology 14

IN THE FUTURE: C. Wright Mills and the Sociological Imagination 15

Sociology’s Family Tree 16 Sociology’s Roots 16

Macrosociological Theory 19 Structural Functionalism 19 Conflict Theory 21

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Eurocentrism and Sociological Theory 23

Weberian Theory 25

ON THE JOB: Famous Sociology Majors 26

Microsociological Theory 27 Symbolic Interactionism 28

CONTENTSviii

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Theories of Celebrity Gossip 31

New Theoretical Approaches 33 Postmodern Theory 33 Midrange Theory 34

Closing Comments 35

CHAPTER 2: Studying Social Life: Sociological Research Methods 38

How to Read This Chapter 41

An Overview of Research Methods 41 The Scientific Approach 41 Which Method to Use? 43

Ethnography/Participant Observation 45 Advantages and Disadvantages 47

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Watching People Talk 47

Interviews 48 Advantages and Disadvantages 49

IN THE FUTURE: Action Research 50

Surveys 50 Advantages and Disadvantages 52

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Media Usage Patterns 53

Existing Sources 54 Advantages and Disadvantages 55

Experimental Methods 56 Advantages and Disadvantages 57

Social Network Analyis 57

IN RELATIONSHIPS: Social Networking Sites as Sources of Data 58 Advantages and Disadvantages 59

Issues in Sociological Research 59 Nonacademic Uses of Research Methods 59 Values, Objectivity, and Reactivity 60

ON THE JOB: Sociology, Market Research, and Design Strategy 61

Research Ethics 63

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Nuremberg Code and Research Ethics 64

Closing Comments 65

CONTENTS ix

PART II: Framing Social Life 68

CHAPTER 3: Culture 72

How to Read This Chapter 75

What Is Culture? 75 How Has Culture Been Studied? 75 Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism 75

ON THE JOB: The Sharing Economy and Unlikely Cultural Ambassadors 77

Components of Culture 78 Material Culture 78 Symbolic Culture 79 Values, Norms, and Sanctions 81

IN RELATIONSHIPS: Individual Values vs. University Culture 82

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Seeing Culture in a Subculture 84

Variations in Culture 85 Dominant Culture 85 Subcultures and Countercultures 85

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Otaku Culture and the Globalization of Niche Interests 86

Culture Wars 87 Ideal vs. Real Culture 88

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: How the Image Shapes the Need 89

Cultural Change 90 Technological Change 90 Cultural Diffusion and Cultural Leveling 90 Cultural Imperialism 91

American Culture in Perspective 91

IN THE FUTURE: Online Radicalization 92

Closing Comments 93

CONTENTSx

CHAPTER 4: Socialization, Interaction, and the Self 96

How to Read This Chapter 99

What Is Human Nature? 99 The Nature vs. Nurture Debate 99

The Process of Socialization 99

IN THE FUTURE: Genetics and Sociology 100

Social Isolation 100

Theories of the Self 102 Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud 103 The Looking- Glass Self: Charles Cooley 104 Mind, Self, and Society: George Herbert Mead 105 Dramaturgy: Erving Goffman 106

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Impression Management in Action 108

Agents of Socialization 109 The Family 109 Schools 110 Peers 110 The Media 111

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: TV as an Agent of Socialization 112

Adult Socialization 113

IN RELATIONSHIPS: Sister Pauline Quinn and Training Dogs in Prison 114

Statuses and Roles 115 Multiple Roles and Role Conflict 115

Emotions and Personality 116 The Social Construction of Emotions 116

Interacting Online 116

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Cross- Cultural Responses to Grief 117

ON THE JOB: The Wages of Emotion Work 118

Closing Comments 119

CONTENTS xi

CHAPTER 5: Separate and Together: Life in Groups 122

How to Read This Chapter 125

What Is a Group? 125 Primary and Secondary Groups 125 Social Networks 126

Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership? 127

IN THE FUTURE: What Happens to Group Ties in a Virtual World? 128

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: “Who’s in Your Feed?” 130

Group Dynamics 131 Dyads, Triads, and More 131

IN RELATIONSHIPS: Social Networking: You’re Not the Customer— You’re the Product 132

In- Groups and Out- Groups 132 Reference Groups 133

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: The Twenty Statements Test: Who Am I? 134

Group Cohesion 135

Social Influence (Peer Pressure) 136 Experiments in Conformity 137

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Group vs. Individual Norms: Honor Killings 138

Working Together: Teams and Leadership 141 Teamwork 141

ON THE JOB: Teamwork and the Tour de France 142

Power, Authority, and Style 142

Bureaucracy 144 The McDonaldization of Society 145 Responding to Bureaucratic Constraints 146

Closing Comments 147

CHAPTER 6: Deviance 150

How to Read This Chapter 153

Defining Deviance 153

Deviance across Cultures 153

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Body Modification 154

Theories of Deviance 155 Functionalism 155

CONTENTSxii

Conflict Theory 156 Symbolic Interactionism 157

IN RELATIONSHIPS: Cyberbullying, Trolls, and Online Deviance 158

The Stigma of Deviance 161 Managing Deviant Identities 162

ON THE JOB: Is “Cash Register Honesty” Good Enough? 163

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: AA’s Pioneer Women 164

Studying Deviance 165 The Emotional Attraction of Deviance 165

The Study of Crime 165 Crime and Demographics 167

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Norm Breaking on Television 169

The Criminal Justice System 170

IN THE FUTURE: American vs. Scandinavian Prisons 171

Reconsidering Deviance? 172

Closing Comments 173

PART III: Understanding Inequality 176

CHAPTER 7: Social Class: The Structure of Inequality 180

How to Read This Chapter 184

Social Stratification and Social Inequality 184

Systems of Stratification 184 Slavery 184 Caste 185

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Systems of Stratification around the World 186

Social Class 188

Social Classes in the United States 188 The Upper Class 188 The Upper- Middle Class 189 The Middle Class 189

CONTENTS xiii

The Working ( Lower- Middle) Class 190 The Working Poor and Underclass 190 Problematic Categories 190

Theories of Social Class 191 Conflict Theory 191 Weberian Theory 191 Structural Functionalism 192 Postmodernism 193 Symbolic Interactionism 193

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Everyday Class Consciousness 195

Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances 195 Family 195

IN RELATIONSHIPS: Socioeconomic Status and Mate Selection 196

Health 196 Education 197 Work and Income 198 Criminal Justice 199

Social Mobility 200

Poverty 201 Social Welfare and Welfare Reform 202 The “Culture of Poverty” and Its Critics 204

ON THE JOB: Get a Job! Minimum Wage or Living Wage? 205

The Invisibility of Poverty 206

Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream 209

IN THE FUTURE: Why We Can’t Afford the Rich 210

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Advertising and the American Dream 212

Closing Comments 213

CHAPTER 8: Race and Ethnicity as Lived Experience 216

How to Read This Chapter 219

Defining Race and Ethnicity 219 “Ethnic Options”: Symbolic and Situational Ethnicity 221

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Displaying Ethnicity 222

The U.S. Population by Race 223 What Is a Minority? 223

CONTENTSxiv

Racism in Its Many Forms 224 Prejudice and Discrimination 224 White Nationalism 225 White Privilege and Color- Blind Racism 226 Microagressions 227 Cultural Appropriation 227 Reverse Racism 229 Antiracist Allies 229

IN THE FUTURE: Whose Lives Matter? 230

Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race 230 Structural Functionalism 230 Conflict Theory 231 Symbolic Interactionism 232

IN RELATIONSHIPS: From the Lovings to Kimye: Interracial Dating and Marriage 234

Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances 236 Family 236 Health 237 Education 238 Work and Income 238

ON THE JOB: Diversity Programs: Do They Work? 239

Criminal Justice 240 Intersectionality 241

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Does TV Reflect the Realities of Race? 241

Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation 243

Genocide 243 Population Transfer 243 Internal Colonialism and

Segregation 244 Assimilation 244

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: “The Biggest Humanitarian and Refugee Crisis of Our Time” 245

Pluralism 246

Closing Comments 247

CONTENTS xv

CHAPTER 9: Constructing Gender and Sexuality 250

How to Read This Chapter 253

Sex and Gender 253 Sex 253

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Different Societies, Different Genders 254

Gender 254

Sexuality and Sexual Orientation 256 “Queering the Binary” 257

Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality 257 Families 257

IN RELATIONSHIPS: Rape Culture and Campus Social Life 258

Schools 259 Peers 260 The Media 260

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: The Fashion Police: Gender and the Rules of Beauty 261

Prejudice and Discrimination 262 Gendered Language and Microaggressions 264

Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality 264 Functionalism 264 Conflict Theory 265 Interactionism 265 Feminist Theory 266

Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances 266 Families 267 Health 267 Education 268

ON THE JOB: Female Athletes and the Battle for Equal Pay 268

Work and Income 269

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: The Second Shift: Gender Norms and Household Labor 271

Criminal Justice 273

IN THE FUTURE: Human Trafficking 274

Intersectionality 275

Social Movements 276 Women’s Movements 276 Men’s Movements 277 LGBTQ Movements 277

Closing Comments 279

CONTENTSxvi

PART IV: Social Institutions and the Micro- Macro Link 282

CHAPTER 10: Social Institutions: Politics, Education, and Religion 286

How to Read This Chapter 289

What Is Politics? 289 Political Systems: Government 289 The American Political System 291 Who Rules America? 292 The Media and the Political Process 295

DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Satirical News Shows 298

Patriotism and Protest 300 Politics: The Micro- Macro Link 302

What Is Education? 302 A Brief History of Modern Education 302 Education and the Reproduction of Society 303 Classic Studies of Education 305

IN THE FUTURE: A College Degree: What’s It Worth? 306

The Present and Future of Education 306

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