A Literature Review Table provides a succinct overview of each article. The table is especially useful when synthesizing the inf

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Patient with age of 4o years admitted to hospital.

According to the American Cancer Society, roughly 235,760 new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed each year, with males accounting for 119,100 new cases and women accounting for 116,660 new cases. Furthermore, lung cancer claims the lives of approximately 131,880 people, with 69,410 men and 62,470 women (Lung Cancer Statistics, n.d.). According to the American Cancer Society's study, lung cancer is by far the most common cause of cancer mortality, accounting for 25% of all cancer fatalities (Lunger Cancer Statistics, n.d.). Lung cancer is a long-term illness that involves the development of malignant cells in the lungs. Comment by Rebecca Coffin: If your population includes those with lung cancer, that should be included in the PICO Comment by Rebecca Coffin: Don’t use sources that don’t have a date for this class

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Cessation of smokingSmoking cessation program.

Continuous research and technological developments have enabled researchers to conduct investigations that have led to clinical trials. Many research and clinical trials have been conducted in order to determine the most prevalent cause of lung cancer in patients, as well as the success of smoking cessation. According to one research, there is a compelling case for delivering smoking cessation therapies to patients who smoke and are being screened for lung cancer (Joseph. A, 2018). Not to add that successful smoking cessation programmes may help to lower cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity rates (Joseph. A, 2018). Another research found that smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and other lung problems (Lederer. D, 2009). Comment by Rebecca Coffin: You should talk about smoking cessation programs here

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Chemotherapy and Inhalers

Though smoking cessation therapies have been shown to improve quality of life and reduce the morbidity and death rates associated with lung cancer, it is important to remember that such interventions are prohibitively costly. However, evidence shows that a smoking cessation intervention enhances ACERS, making its inclusion in any screening program a strong recommendation (Goffin. J, 2016). Comment by Rebecca Coffin: Smoking cessation won’t cure lung cancer, so you’ll need to rethink your PICO if that is the direction you are going Comment by Rebecca Coffin: What is this? Spell out abbreviations the first time they are used in a paper

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Prevention of complications due to smoking Comment by Rebecca Coffin: This would be a reasonable outcome, but hard to measure. You are looking for success with smoking cessation, so consider that to be the outcome

In a clinical examination of smokers in NSLT, 70 percent pondered quitting, 13 percent were ready to stop, and 13 percent had no intention of quitting, according to research (Joseph. A, 2018). While participating in the New York Early Cancer Action Project, 32% were serious about stopping in 30 days and 47% were thinking about quitting in six months (Joseph. A, 2018). The American Thoracic Society and the American College of Chest Physicians have issued a set of guidelines to help build successful lung cancer screening methods in terms of personnel and preparation for smoking cessation interventions (Joseph. A, 2018). On-site clinical professionals, as well as radiologists, are used to conduct smoking cessation therapy. On-site personnel, on the other hand, vary in terms of training and comfort in administering smoking cessation therapy (Joseph. A, 2018). Comment by Rebecca Coffin: What is this?

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Two months period

Smoking cessation therapies are administered via psychological and behavioural approaches, with the former requiring no medication and the latter requiring it. Nurses are crucial in influencing a patient's desire to stop smoking. Nurses serve as a connection between the patient and the smoking cessation intervention because they are encouraged to speak with their patients about quitting smoking. Furthermore, they must be appropriately trained in order to give patients with viable choices as well as enrolling them in the right smoking cessation programme (Carlebach. S, 2009). Overall, nurses are or should be motivated by the desire to help their patients improve and maintain their health habits, as well as the urge to engage in preventive care. Smoking cessation nurses will be able to integrate evidence-based strategies in their practises, improving patient health and lowering lung cancer-related mortality. Comment by Rebecca Coffin: I don’t think you need a T (time) for this question. If you want one, you might want to go longer than 2 months for smoking cessation

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Patient with age of 40 years admitted to hospital. Comment by Rebecca Coffin: If this is the population, then “admitted to the hospital” needs to be in the PICO as well – you need to be consistent

According to Erhardt, L. (2009) smoking has many risk factors especially if it is undertreated. Those effects of smoking are evident even from an early stage. An adult smoker may be at risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, the adverse effects of smoking may be reversible through smoking cessation than standard therapy.

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Nurse led smoking cessation program.

Through various cessation research, it has was found that intensive nurse led cessations are effective in helping smokers to quit. According to the national evaluation, four-week carbon monoxide monitoring validated quit rates of 53%, falling to 15% in a year. However, old adults appear to have long-term quit rates than other groups. Comment by Rebecca Coffin: There is no citation here. You should discuss research from at least one nurse-led smoking cessation program

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Versus standard therapy Comment by Rebecca Coffin: Give some examples of standard therapies

According to Herman, A. I., & Sofuoglu, M. (2010) smoking is a major public problem that causes more than five million deaths annually worldwide. The health care costs of smoking exceed 400 billion dollars each year. Nurse led smoking cessation program is cheaper compared to standard therapy. Also, quitting smoking is associated with immediate health benefits irrespective of age or smoking related disease. Thus, nurse led smoking cessation is better than standard therapy. Comment by Rebecca Coffin: Where is the support for these statements?

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Assisting smokers to quit

Nurse led smoking cessation program is most effective in assisting smokers to quit smoking. According to Meysman et al. 2010, there was reduction in the number of patient who smoke that undergone nurse led smoking cessation program. Hospitalized patients experience higher self-confidence to stop smoking after receiving brief advice. The cessation program should be brief and should not impose a large additional workload or require new resources for it to be effective. Comment by Rebecca Coffin: Be careful with these types of statements Comment by Rebecca Coffin: This section should be in the “I” section as rationale Here you should be talking about why it is important to quit smoking, what the general success/relapse rate is, things like that

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Within two months Comment by Rebecca Coffin: You probably don’t need this section

There is no specific time frame for a hospitalized patient to quit smoking but according to many patients, they quit smoking within the first two months of the program. Standard therapy may take longer than nurse led smoking cessation program ("Nurse-led Smoking Cessation Program With Follow-up in Healthy Life Centres: a Randomized Clinical Trial – Full Text View – ClinicalTrials.gov", 2022).