the article and the textbook -anatomy and physiology-the unity of form and function (saladin 9th edition) 3.RESEARCH( has to be l
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obin Sandos
#24: Three layers of the heart wall; identify importance of surface features of the heart
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Dr. Masucci & fellow students,
#24: Three layers of the heart wall; identify importance of surface features of the heart
RESEARCH
The three layers of the heart wall are the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium (Saladin et al, 2021, p. 692). The epicardium is a serous membrane of the external heart surface that comprises of a simple squamous epithelium covering a thin layer of areolar tissue. In certain locations it is a deep layer of adipose tissue and in other locations it is fat-free and transparent. The epicardium is where the largest branches of the coronary blood vessels travel through the heart (Saladin et al, 2021, p. 693). Furthermore, the epicardium “provides important cellular contributions for embryonic heart formation” (Quijada, Trembley, & Small, 2020).
The myocardium is located between the epicardium and the endocardium. It is made of cardiac muscle, and it is the thickest layer which operates the work of the heart. Its muscle is structured into bunches that spiral around the heart which creates the vortex of the heart. It is when the ventricles contract that they demonstrate a twisting or squeezing movement that improves the expulsion of blood (Saladin et al, 2021, p. 693).
The endocardium is a comparable layer to the epicardium, and it lines the interior of the heart chambers. It is a simple squamous epithelium that overlays a thin areolar tissue layer, but it does not have adipose tissue (Saladin et al, 2021, p. 693). “The endocardium covers the valve surfaces and is continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels” (Saladin et al, 2021, p. 693). The endocardium has the crucial role of directing the blood through the heart and regulating heartbeat (Gurarie, 2020).
The heart also contains the fibrous skeleton which is a framework of collagenous and elastic fibers located in the walls between the heart chambers in fibrous rings. The fibrous skeleton has several functions such as providing structural support for the heart, anchoring the cardiomyocytes that gives them something to pull against, nonconductor of electricity so the atria cannot stimulate the ventricles directly, aides in timing and coordination of electrical and contractile activity, and the elastic recoil of it helps in refilling the heart with blood after each beat (Saladin et al, 2021, p. 693).
CRITICAL THINKING
Did you know that the myocardium is the muscle needed to create the pumping action that drives the blood through the body? In athletes, there is a need for an increase of blood to the muscles and through years of training the heart can adapt to this need. In athletes, the heart is often larger than compared to non-athletes. Furthermore, an athlete’s heart rate at rest is often slower, as this helps to prepare the athlete’s body for exercise.
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References:
Gurarie, M. (2020, December 15). What to know about the endocardium. Verywell Health. Retrieved February 12, 2022, from https://www.verywellhealth.com/endocardium-definition-5088789
Quijada, P., Trembley, M. A., & Small, E. M. (2020, January 30). The role of the epicardium during Heart Development and Repair. Circulation research. Retrieved February 12, 2022, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31999538/
Saladin, K. S., Gan, C. A., & Cushman, H. N. (2021). Anatomy & Physiology: The unity of form and function. McGraw-Hill Education.
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