Despite the United States economic, technological and military advantages, why did it have an uneven record of victory sinc

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Department of

Military History Command and General Staff College

Fort Leavenworth, KS

H400

The American Way of War and its Challenges: 1940-2010

Advanced Operations Course

AY 2021 – 2022

Syllabus and Book of Readings

Contains Advance Sheets and Readings

H400: The American Way of War and its Challenges: 1940-2010

Command and General Staff Officer Course (CGSOC) Advanced Operations Course

CGSC AY 2021–22

DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY HISTORY US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE

FORT LEAVENWORTH, KS 66027-2301

December 2021

This publication contains copyrighted material and may not be reproduced without permission.

Front Cover Photo: U.S. Marines (Official Marine Corps Photo) (http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Home_Page.htm); Photographer TSGT. Dave Mcleod: Combined Military Service Digital, Photographic Files, https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6481484; https://media.defense.gov/2013/Aug/26/2001975960/-1/-1/0/790729-V-TJV98- 551.jpg; Army Signal Corps photographer LT. Stephen E. Korpanty; restored by Adam Cuerden Naval Historical Center Photo # SC 213700, https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nara- series/sc-series/SC-200000/SC-213700.html

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US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE US Army Command and General Staff School

Command and General Staff Officer Course (CGSOC) Advanced Operations Course H400: The American Way of War and its Challenges: 1940-2010

AY 2021–22

Contents

Preface ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… vi

H400 Block Block Advance Sheet ……………………………………………………………………………………………… H400BAS-1 Appendix A, Assessment Plan …………………………………………………………………………………. H400BAS-9 Appendix A-1, Assessing Student Performance …………………………………………………………. H400BAS-14 Appendix A-2, Assessing Student Performance …………………………………………………………. H400BAS-16

CGSC Form 1009W, Assessing Writing (Outline) ……………………………………………….. H400BAS-17 CGSC Form 1009W, Assessing Writing (Argumentative Essay Rubric) …………………. H400BAS-19 CGSC Form 1009C, Assessing Contribution to Learning ……………………………………… H400BAS-21

Appendix B: H400 Lesson Titles …………………………………………………………………………….. H400BAS-22 Appendix C: Blended Learning Instructions ……………………………………………………………… H400BAS-23

H401: The Rise of the American Way of War: Global Strategy and Mobilization in WWII Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H401AS-24 Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H401AS-30 H401RB, Mobilization ……………………………………………………………………………………………. H401RB-32

Center of Military History H401RC, The 90-Division Gamble ………………………………………………………………………….. H401RC-40

Maurice Matloff H401RD, The Color Plans, 1919-1938 ……………………………………………………………………… H401RD-52

Louis Morton H401RE, Force Structure, Mobilization, and American Strategy for Global

Coalition War ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. H401RE-58 Michael D. Pearlman

H401ORA, AWPD-1: Munitions Requirements of the Army Air Forces ………………………. H401ORA-71 U.S. War Department

H401ORB, Resource Mobilization for World War II: the U.S.A., U.K., U.S.S.R., and Germany, 1938-1945 ………………………………………………………………………………………… H401ORB-75

Mark Harrison

H402: LSCO/MDO Sea Power: Carriers, Marines and the Tyranny of Distance (Guadalcanal) Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H402AS-93 Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H402AS-99 H402RA, First Offensive: The Marine Campaign for Guadalcanal ………………………………. H402RA-101

Henry I. Shaw H402RB, Asymmetric Warfare at Sea: The Naval Battles off Guadalcanal, 1942-1943 ….. H402RB-130

Thomas G. Mahnken H402ORA, Japan’s Losing Struggle for Guadalcanal …………………………………………………. H402ORA-150

Raizo Tanaka H402ORB, Guadalcanal: Neither Side Would Quit ……………………………………………………. H402ORB-173

Thomas B. Buell

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H402ORC, Tactical Planning in the Imperial Japanese Navy ………………………………………. H402ORC-179 Minoru Genda H402ORD, An Unhandsome Quitting ………………………………………………………………………. H402ORD-185 Merrill B. Twining H403: LSCO/MDO: Airpower Theory, Doctrine, and Practice Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H403AS-192 Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H403AS-199

H404: LSCO/MDO: Ground Warfare: D-Day to the Elbe Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H404AS-203 Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H404AS-209 H404RA, The Strategic Tradition of U.S. Grant ………………………………………………………… H404RA-211

Russell Weigley H404RC, Northern France: The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II ……………………… H404RC-218

David W. Hogan, Jr. H404ORB, The Autumn of 1944: Boldness is Not Enough …………………………………………. H404ORB-239

Ronald Andidora H404ORC, The Lorraine Campaign: An Overview, September-December 1944 ……………. H404ORC-247

Christopher R. Gabel

H405: Expeditionary Deterrence and Limited Warfare in the Nuclear Age Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H405AS-273 Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H405AS-280 H405RA, How to Build the Wrong Army …………………………………………………………………. H405RA-283

David F. Melcher and John C. Siemer H405RB, The Development of the American Theory of Limited War, 1945-63 …………….. H405RB-293

Michael W. Cannon H405ORB, The Sources of Soviet Conduct by X ……………………………………………………….. H405ORB-316

George F. Kennan H406: The Chinese Way of War Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H406AS-326 Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H406AS-334 H406RA, The Art of War. ………………………………………………………………………………………. H406RA-341

Sun Tzu (Lionel Giles Translation) H406RB, Selected Military Writings of Mao Tse-tung (Excerpts). ………………………………. H406RB-365

Mao Tse-tung H407: Limited War and LSCO: Korea 1950-1953 Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H407AS-381 Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H407AS-388 H407RB, New Roots, Korea 1950-1951 …………………………………………………………………… H407RB-392 Carter Malkasian H408: Vietnam: The Challenge of Hybrid Warfare Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H408AS-408 Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H408AS-415 H408RA, Conduct of the Vietnam War: Strategic Factors, 1965-1968………………………….. H408RA-418

Douglas Pike

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H408RB, Westmoreland was Right: Learning the Wrong Lessons from the Vietnam War …………………………………………………………………………………………………… H408RB-431

Dale Andrade H409: The Limits of Military Power – Tet and Vietnamization Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H409AS-459 Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H409AS-466 H409RA, The 1968 Tet Offensive: Turning Point in the Vietnam War …………………………. H409RA-468 James H. Willbanks H409RB, Vietnamization: An Incomplete Exit Strategy ……………………………………………… H409RB-475

James H. Willbanks H409RC, Lessons of History and Lessons of Vietnam………………………………………………… H409RC-497

David H. Petraeus H409ORA, Complex Urban Operations: The Battle for Hue, 1968 ………………………………. H409ORA-510 Louis DiMarco H409ORB, Command Chronology for Period 1 Feb 1968 to 29 Feb 1968 …………………….. H409ORB-522

U.S. Marine Corps, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines H409ORC, The Tet Offensive and the News Media …………………………………………………… H409ORC-529

William M. Hammond H410: Re-forging the Broken Sword: The U.S. Army 1972-1990 Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H410AS-540 Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H410AS-548 H410RA, The Collapse of the Armed Forces …………………………………………………………….. H410RA-550

Robert D. Heinl, Jr. H410RD, Fighting Outnumbered: the Impact of the Yom Kippur War on the U.S. Army ……………………………………………………………………………………………… H410RD-563 Saul Bronfeld H411: DESERT STORM and the American Way of War Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H411AS-586 Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H411AS-594 H411RA, War in the Persian Gulf: Operation DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM, August 1990-March 1991 (Excerpt) ……………………………………………………………………. H411RA-596

Richard Stewart H411RB, Lucky War: Third Army in DESERT STORM (Excerpts) ………………………………… H411RB-620 Richard M. Swain H411RC, The Iraq Wars and America’s Military Revolution (Excerpts) ……………………….. H411RC-633

Keith L. Shimko H411RD, Unhappy Warrior, Part I and Part II …………………………………………………………… H411RD-643

Rick Atkinson H411RE, Military Doctrine: Lessons from the 1991 Gulf War and Russian Military Doctrine ……………………………………………………………………………………………… H411RE-660 Stuart Kaufman H411ORA, The Ghost of Omdurman ……………………………………………………………………….. H411ORA-676

Daniel P. Bolger H411ORB, Deployment, Staging, and Logistics in Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM (Excerpt) ………………………………………………………………………………….. H411ORB-685 Richard Stewart H411ORC, The Uses of Military Power (Speech) ………………………………………………………. H411ORC-693 Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense

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H411ORD, Air Power and Warfare: A Century of Theory and History…………………………. H411ORD-700 Tami Biddle H411ORF, VII Corps Commander’s Intent for Operation DESERT STORM ……………………. H411ORF-706 LTG Frederick Franks H412: Iraq and Beyond: Change and Continuity of Warfare Advance Sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. H412AS-707 Chronology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H412AS-713 H412RA, Conclusions: Lessons of the Iraq War ………………………………………………………… H412RA-715

Chief of Staff of the Army’s Operation IRAQI FREEDOM Study Group 2013-2018 H412RF, Lost in Translation: The American Way of War …………………………………………… H412RF-737

Rose Lopez Keravuori H412ORA, From Invasion to Insurgency ………………………………………………………………….. H412ORA-744

Chief of Staff of the Army’s Operation IRAQI FREEDOM Study Group 2013-2018 H412ORB, Echoes of Failure: Vietnam, Iraq, and the American Strategy in Afghanistan …………………………………………………………………………………………………. H412ORB-748

Nathan A. Jennings Annexes: Annex A: Concise DMH Style Guide ……………………………………………………………………….. Annex A-751 Annex B: Documentation Guide ………………………………………………………………………………. Annex B-756 Annex C: Tips for Writing History Essays ………………………………………………………………… Annex C-758 Annex D: The Argumentative Essay ………………………………………………………………………… Annex D-760 Annex E: Creating a Sentence Outline ……………………………………………………………………… Annex E-761 Annex F: Simplified Basic Battle Analysis Methodology …………………………………………… Annex F-765 Note on page numbering methodology: In addition to the regular numeric sequencing of all pages throughout this book, found after the hyphen, all pages have alpha character content identifiers preceding the hyphen. Only readings published in this book of readings have the sequencing. Readings that are links only are viewed by selecting the link found in the Advance Sheet’s Study Requirements. AS — Advance Sheet R — Required Reading, followed by alpha sequence letter within a given lesson OR — Optional Reading, followed by alpha sequence letter within a given lesson

vi

US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE US Army Command and General Staff School

Command and General Staff Officer Course (CGSOC) Advanced Operations Course H400: The American Way of War and its Challenges: 1940-2010

Preface

Experience is the foundation of all learning. The personal experience gained progressing through your career plays a large role in shaping your professionalism. The sharing of experiences among students in the classroom is an important and invaluable facet of the US Army Command and General Staff Officer Course (CGSOC), adding benefit from the hard-won wisdom and practical knowledge accrued by individuals who have seen and done things—others who have not, glean from their valuable experience. But the benefits of shared experience are not limited to the students in your staff group. We have at our disposal an enormous wealth of experience, extending back thousands of years, acquired by your predecessors in the profession of arms. This collective experience encompasses every type of military activity and reaches every corner of the globe. This treasury of knowledge is ours for the trouble of opening a book.

The history component of the CGSOC curriculum focuses on one particular area of the military experience—the problem of coping with change. Although there is considerable debate as to what the military of the future will be like, it is generally conceded that the military profession is currently undergoing significant change. It is the goal of the Department of Military History (DMH) to provide historical insights and analytical tools that will assist each and every student in dealing with that change. H400 focuses on evolution of warfare and doctrine from 1940 to the present. Our focus is not so much on historical events as it is on the factors involved in military change. At the conclusion of this block, you will have gained new perspectives on how military institutions adapt to a changing world.

RICHARD S. FAULKNER, PhD H400 Block Author Department of Military History [email protected] (913) 684-4128

GATES M. BROWN, PhD Curriculum Developer Department of Military History

SEAN N. KALIC, PhD Curriculum Coordinator Department of Military History [email protected] (913) 684-2073

DAVID G. COTTER, PhD Director Department of Military History

[email protected] (913) 684-4110

H400

Block Advance Sheet

AY 2021–22

H400 Block Advance Sheet H400BAS-1 August 2021

US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE US Army Command and General Staff School

Command and General Staff Officer Course (CGSOC) Advanced Operations Course H400: The American Way of War and its Challenges: 1940-2010

Block Advance Sheet

1. SCOPE

In 1945, the United States emerged from World War II as one of the world’s two great superpowers and the only nation with nuclear weapons. The war forced the nation to project and sustain power globally while also serving as the “arsenal of democracy” by providing weapons, food, and other resources for all of the other Allied powers. The nation’s global standing, strengths, capabilities and geographic location have led historians, such as Russell Wiegley and Colin Gray, to argue that the United States has developed its own “American Way of War”—a “default” setting for waging its conflicts. From 1941 onward, the U.S. certainly fought in a manner befitting a wealthy and technologically advanced nation. However, if there is an overarching “American Way of War,” it has struggled at times to parlay its strengths into clear victories in the limited wars that the U.S. has fought since 1945. H400, the military history portion of AOC, explores the historical precedents to the current operating environment. It asks whether a particularly “American Way of War” has emerged, and how our opponents have sought to counter U.S. strengths to prevent us from achieving our political goals. Your examination of the challenges that the nation has faced in waging wars from World War II and onward is intended to hone your professional judgement for the remainder of your careers. H100 introduced the relationship between history, theory, and doctrine, demonstrating that doctrine never springs fully formed from nothingness, but instead is informed by analysis of the past. H400 builds upon this foundation. For example, the campaigns in World War II (1939-1945), particularly the global force projection operations in the Pacific against the Japanese and the liberation of Northwest Europe from the Nazis, form an important precedent for current thinking on U.S. operations. To gain benefit from these lessons, try to immerse yourself into what the commander and staff knew at the time. Understand the limitations and strengths of the organization and equipment, and see what options were actually feasible, acceptable, and suitable. You may find that the options available were quite limited, and the decision made was the best of a number of bad choices. It is all too easy to identify where historic leaders made mistakes when using hindsight. Strive to place yourself into the contingent position of the historical commander or staff—discover what they knew, and understand their decisions were made with imperfect knowledge of the enemy and under time constraints. Reflecting upon this constitutes the true value of these lessons. The H400 course aims to produce officers who can understand war, the spectrum of conflict, and the complexity of the operational environment (history, culture, ethics, and geography). The block also helps to develop practical minded, critical, and creative thinkers who can apply solutions to so-called “wicked” operational problems in volatile and ambiguous environments. Finally, the H400 course enhances an officer’s ability to communicate with clarity and precision in both written and oral forms.

H400 Block Advance Sheet H400BAS-2 August 2021

GOALS

H400, The American Way of War and its Challenges: 1940-2010, supports the CGSOC (Command and General Staff Officer Course) AOC goal to give field grade officers the skills to use, analyze, and value history as a tool to aid professional judgment. H400 provides a forum to integrate all disciplines associated with the CGSOC curriculum. Students will have the opportunity to assess and analyze the emergence of an American way of war, strategy, tactics, logistics, leadership, operational art, combined arms, and ethical considerations associated with the profession of arms. H400 demonstrates how insights derived through the study of military history contribute to an overall staff college education. Critical reasoning sharpens military judgment and problem-solving skills.

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

TLO-AOC-1 Action: Examine how commanders drive the operations process using the framework of understand, visualize, describe, direct, lead, and assess (UVDDLA). Condition: In an educational setting, serving in the capacity of a division level staff officer in the conduct of large-scale combat operations in a joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational environment—and given a tactical problem described in the BALTIC BULWARK family of products. Prerequisite Learning objectives: TLO-CC-2, TLO-CC-3, TLO-CC-4, ELO-CC-7.1, ELO-CC-7.2, ELO-CC-7.8. Note: Direct is included in TLO 2 and Lead is included in TLO 11. TLO Standards (ELOs): Examination of the UVDDLA framework includes:

1. Demonstrate how commanders and staffs gain understanding of an operational environment. 2. Produce products that enable the commander to visualize the endstate of a tactical operation. 3. Examine the commander’s inputs to the operations process that describe tactical operations

and information requirements. 4. Examine the processes commanders and staffs use to assess ongoing operations. 5. Analyze how historical context influences the planning and the execution of large-scale

combat operations. Learning Domain: Cognitive Level of Learning: Analysis

ELO-AOC-1.6 Action: Analyze how historical context influences the planning and the execution of large-scale combat operations. Condition: In an educational setting, serving in the capacity of a division level staff officer in the conduct of large-scale combat operations in a joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational environment—and given a tactical problem described in the BALTIC BULWARK family of products and H400 historical readings. ELO Standards: The analysis of historical context includes:

1. Examine historical battles and campaigns. 2. Use operational variables (PMESII-PT) to describe historical context. 3. Use mission variables (METT-TC) to describe a historical action. 4. Examine decisions made by historical leaders.

Learning Domain: Cognitive Level of Learning: Analysis TLO-AOC-3 Action: Examine how staff conduct the operations process using the framework of plan, prepare, and execute.* Condition: In an educational environment, serving in the capacity of a division level staff officer in the conduct of large-scale combat operations in a joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and

H400 Block Advance Sheet H400BAS-3 August 2021

multinational environment—and given a tactical problem described in the BALTIC BULWARK family of products. Prerequisite Learning objectives: TLO-CC-3, TLO-CC-4, ELO-CC-7.1, ELO-CC-7.2, ELO-CC- 7.8. *Note: Assess Operations is addressed in ELO 1.5. TLO Standards (ELOs): The investigation of UVDDLA includes:

1. Use the military decision-making process (MDMP) to plan a tactical operation. 2. Examine the types of rehearsals the US Army uses to prepare to conduct an operation. 3. Execute simulated operations using planning products. 4. Analyze the evolution of large-scale combat operations using major concepts of key

theorists. Learning Domain: Cognitive Level of Learning: Analysis

ELO-AOC-3.4 Action: Analyze the evolution of large-scale combat operations using major concepts of key theorists. Condition: In an educational environment, serving in the capacity of a division level staff officer in the conduct of large-scale combat operations in a joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational environment—and given a tactical problem described in the BALTIC BULWARK family of products. ELO Standards: The analysis of the evolution of LSCO includes:

1. Examine the causes of conflict. 2. Examine historical theory. 3. Exam

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