Integrating at least 3 the learning resources from this week, discuss the following:? What is the relationship between tec

 

Integrating at least 3 the learning resources from this week, discuss the following: 

  • What is the relationship between technological innovation and work, productivity, economic security, and social class?
  • What opportunities and limitations have been created with the rise of digital technologies? What is the future of work as technology becomes more advanced?
  • What are some ways that employers, policy makers, and workers can adapt to an increasingly digital world?  What skills do workers need to set themselves apart in a world that relies more and more on digital technology?

Remember to use your own words, using your best writing skills, cite your sources, and provide a reference list

resources

.http://dln.jaipuria.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1891/1/MGI-Future-of-Work-Briefing-note-May-2017.pdf

The Work of the Future: Building Better Jobs in an Age of Intelligent Machines

https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/focus/technology-and-the-future-of-work/tech-leaders-reimagining-work-workforce-workplace.html

Work and Technology

BEHS 103: Technology in Contemporary Society

Week Four

Credit: Katherine Im (2021, June)

1

Definition of work

Source: Dictionary.com

2

Work [wurk]

noun

1. exertion or effort directed to produce or accomplish something; labor; toil.

2. something on which exertion or labor is expended; a task or undertaking:

3. productive or operative activity.

4. employment, as in some form of industry, especially as a means of earning one's livelihood.

Origins of work

Pre-Civilization

Work = survival

Hunter-gatherer

Hand to mouth existence

Nomadic

Source: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/21/eat-like-a-caveman-the-trouble-with-paleo-living.html

When did civilization begin?

Civilization began around 10,000-2000 BCE in Southwest Asia (Mesopotamia/Sumerians) and in Egypt

“…a city-based society in which there are differing occupations and levels of wealth wherein elites exercise economic, political, and religious power.”

How was civilization possible?

Man figured out how to harness nature for human gain through the early use of….

Technology!

Bronze Age (around 3000 BC)

Advent of metal tools

Used for:

Protection

Build permanent shelters – end of nomadic existence

Weapons

Tools

Source: http://www.google.com/search?q=bronze+age+tools&hl=en&qscrl=1&rlz=1T4AURU_enUS502US502&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=hWvlUbyWIvbK4AOm24CQBw&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1440&bih=698#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=wjyHRtuNefDmBM%3A%3BCSrg21y-Nr2C8M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.artcompsci.org%252Fimg%252Ftoolbox.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.artcompsci.org%252F%3B191%3B294

9

Art

http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/roccos/art203/greece.html

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/47.100.14

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://homepage.eircom.net/~cronews/archive/history/bronze/gorget.jpg&imgrefurl=http://homepage.eircom.net/~cronews/archive/history/bronze/bronze2.html&h=434&w=398&sz=57&tbnid=ve8qogIaRfbRoM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=83&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dbronze%2Bage%2Bart%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=bronze+age+art&usg=__LXdBDLxkYN6GJIXy4cdUnzDcEtk=&docid=mOvOum3V4QrbjM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=F2zlUb74CJL_4AOs7ICgBw&ved=0CEAQ9QEwBQ&dur=1857

10

Examples of harnessing nature

Building shelter

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/architec/AncientArchitectural/Mesopotamian/EarlyDynastic/SumerianArchitecture/SumerianArchitecture.htm

12

Harnessing wind

Egyptian Reed Ship

http://maritime-connector.com/wiki/history/

13

http://www.prlog.org/11223212-gobi-desert-in-china.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_edit_1.jpg

Using land forms for protection

Irrigation

Egypt, 2000 BCE

http://www.mitchellteachers.net/WorldHistory/MrMEarlyHumansProject/MrMEmergingSumerianCityStates.html

Ancient Mesopotamia

15

Agriculture (6500 BCE)

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080716140918.htm

16

Domestication of animals (6500 BCE)

Source of food and labor

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17323/17323-h/17323-h.htm

17

Implications of technological advances

Ample food supply

Population growth

Emergence of more sophisticated social structures

Division of labor

Technology led to increased efficiency

Fewer field workers needed

Extra people could do other things – herdsmen, merchants, traders, builders, craftsmen

Beginnings of a specialized work force

Religion (5300 BCE)

Early roots in Mesopotamia (Sumerians) – Largely around agriculture and climate – wanted to appease the gods

Ancient Egyptians (3000-2200 BCE) – polytheistic but began the idea of life after death

Government

Need for government to manage increasingly specialized society

Hammurabi code (1772 BC) – King of Babylonia – 1st set of laws organizing society, establishing punishments for crimes (“eye for an eye”)

Egypt (3000 BCE)

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080328104302.htm

http://www.historyembalmed.org/egyptian-pharaohs/akhenaten.htm

http://www.terminalstudio.com/egyptian-pyramids.shtml

22

Europe (3000 BCE)

2600 BCE – the technology that changed Europe

http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/fimage/lincolnimages/ardrey007h.jpg

24

Ancient Greece 8th-6th C. BCE

Gave rise to…

http://www.romecabs.com/blog/

http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2010/nov/07/ancient-world-greece

Ancient Rome – 8th C. BCE

Origins of modern work

Began with civilization and the advent of agriculture (10,000 years ago)

Required planning

Required organization

Required daily effort to tend, harvest, preserve

People worked every day to feed themselves

Technology => Efficiency => Extra Hands

Specialization of the work force

Creation of new class of workers – creation of art, crafts, luxuries

Distribution of wealth

Beginning of social classes

Coins first used in 700 BCE

Beginning of consumerism

Gave rise to economics

http://www.coin-collecting-guide-for-beginners.com/ancient-coins.html

27

Economics

Economics is the study of how people choose to use resources.

Many theories about how wealth and goods should be distributed for the good of society

Is economics a “technology?”

Source: American Economic Association

28

Fathers of Economics

Chanakya (370-283 BCE)

“Father of Economics”

Guidance on how kings should manage their kingdoms in distribution of wealth

Adam Smith (1723 – 1790)

“Father of Modern Economics”

“Laissez-faire” economics

Individuals act in their own interest, but collectively act in the best interest of society

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith

29

Middle Ages (5th – 14th or 15th century)

Technologies that changed the way we work

Agriculture:

Plow

Crop rotation (8th century)

Horse Harness – moved from the next to the chest – better breathing, stronger and better hauling

Mechanical clocks

changed how people conducted their day

allowed people to coordinate activities

http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/history/middle.htm

31

Weaving & Other Craftmaking

Creation of merchant guilds (11th and 12th centuries) – precursor to unions

Protected one another and families in times of hardship

Set prices and quality

Not adaptive to changes in technology – required guild approval

http://gnc3.wordpress.com/category/middle-ages/

32

Weaponry

English longbow – 1300’s

Cannon – 1300’s

Matchlock guns – 1300’s

http://bashapedia.pbworks.com/w/page/13960966/Matchlocks

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Englishlongbow.jpg

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=medieval%20weapons&source=web&cd=8&cad=rja&sqi=2&ved=0CFEQFjAH&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technewsdaily.com%2F883-10-medieval-weapons-that-changed-the-face-of-warfare-.html&ei=IZ_lUZT4Nu_A4AOTtoDIBQ&usg=AFQjCNHVjcZQyD0hHu4HfMK6ycbaU8L8cg

33

Why was weaponry important?

Allowed well-armed civilizations to become very powerful

Creation of nation states, political alliances

Colonization

Spread of commerce, religion, culture

Renaissance (14th – 17th century)

Ostentatious displays of wealth

Art, education, commerce flourish

Predominant philosophy of the era:

Belief that man was the center of his own universe – why is that important?

http://2renaissance.org/2012/09/04/the-first-renaissance-1/

35

Suggests that the answers to human problems lie within humans themselves

Magnified the importance of invention and technological advances

DaVinci

Galileo

Michelangelo

Gutenberg

Industrial Revolution (1750-1800)

Began in Great Britain

Attributed to the confluence of several factors:

http://www.flowofhistory.com/units/eme/17/FC111

37

Steam technology

Expanding market

Agricultural success => population growth => creating a market for manufactured goods

http://www.google.com/search?q=marketplace+in+1750&hl=en&qscrl=1&rlz=1T4AURU_enUS502US502&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=I6XlUYTxF_fk4APNoIGACg&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1440&bih=698#hl=en&qscrl=1&rlz=1T4AURU_enUS502US502&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=city+in+1750&oq=city+in+1750&gs_l=img.3…28991.31050.0.31241.12.12.0.0.0.0.198.1015.6j6.12.0….0…1c.1.19.img.UyU7Zj8OBQ0&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.48705608,d.dmg&fp=45b551c64b4d25bb&biw=1440&bih=698&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=CL729ofBjNX0XM%3A%3B3r_oU7qIhIMJ5M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.landrucimetieres.fr%252Fspip%252FIMG%252Fbmp%252FInnocents_1550petit.bmp%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.skyscrapercity.com%252Fshowthread.php%253Ft%253D1044081%2526page%253D4%3B551%3B300

39

Wealth

http://oneinabillionblog.com/category/6-sub-categories/personal-finances-sub-categories/wealth-personal-finances/

40

Transportation systems

http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g54946-d261414-Reviews-Tennessee_Valley_Railroad_TVR-Chattanooga_Tennessee.html

http://www.lifechurch.ie/bond-servant/

41

Colonialism

http://lonehillart.com/category/canvas-prints/

42

Social changes due to industrialization

Environmental changes

Factories often dirty and unsafe

Increased pollution of air and water

http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/10/05/midday1

44

Affordable consumer goods

Improved living conditions

Better sanitation and diets

Increase in population

http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/food/foods.htm

46

Immigration

High rates of migration from other countries to meet work demands

http://library.thinkquest.org/20619/Irish.html

47

Social stratification

very wealthy

very poor

emergence of a middle class

Gender Roles

Move to cities and physical labor led to higher wages for men – became the “breadwinner”

Higher status for men

Women became more domesticated

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Irish_immigrants_1909.jpg

http://library.thinkquest.org/20619/Irish.html

49

Changes to family structure

Families were smaller – limited space, more expensive to feed more mouths

Fewer intergenerational residences

the-sociohistoric-mission-of-modernist-architecture-the-housing-shortage-the-urban-proletariat-and-the-liberation-of-woman

50

Child labor

Low-cost labor

Poor working conditions

Ended with passage of 1800’s child labor laws

http://blogs.e-rockford.com/applesauce/2011/01/17/tea-party-senator-says-social-security-medicare-and-even-federal-child-labor-laws-are-unconstitutional/

51

The 5 day work week

Religion impacted how we work

1849 in Great Britain – factory workers worked 18 hour days

Workers were too tired to go to church

Metropolitan Early Closing Association religious group advocated closing early on Saturdays so workers wouldn't be too tired to attend church

How did we get to 5 days?

1850 – British Factory Act – limited the working week for women and children to a 12-hour day on weekdays

1878 – number of hours worked was cut to 56 for women and children

1930’s – the 2-day weekend was standard in the United Kingdom

1926 – Henry Ford (anti-union) closed factories on weekends to boost sales of automobiles

WWII – Clothing sector was heavily Jewish – among the first US industries to adopt 2-day weekend.

http://www.readersdigest.com.au/history-of-work?page=3#sthash.2yeRGXAK.dpuf

53

So where are we now?

Service/Knowledge Economy

Doesn’t produce anything

Banking

Retail

Consulting

Software development

Occurred with advent of computing technology and the Internet

Hand in hand with globalization and out-sourcing

Source: Harrington, Ch . 6

55

We have become an Information Economy

60% of U.S. jobs are information intensive

https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2020/03/20/58-of-american-knowledge-workers-are-now-working-remotely/?sh=6f619b673303

57

Role of technology

Automation – created new types of jobs that required more knowledge than the jobs that were replaced

Computers changed job expectations (e.g., secretary, managers)

Image source: http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/2b/91/07/2b9107f1b65e0fe7159a203c7daa1a0c.jpg

58

Work-life balance

US ranked 28th in work-life balance among 37 countries (OECD, 2019)

Our perceptions:

Working more hours

Accessible 24/7

Multitasking

High stress levels

Long commuting times

https://www.statista.com/chart/12977/countries-with-the-best-work-life-balance/

59

‹#›

https://www.statista.com/chart/12977/countries-with-the-best-work-life-balance/

60

https://www.statista.com/chart/12449/who-works-the-most-hours-every-year/

61

Telecommuting (2020)

https://www.oberlo.com/blog/remote-work-statistics

65

Pros of telecommuting

Greater productivity, no distractions (average American workers wastes 2 hours and 5 minutes each day)

Improved worker morale, overall job satisfaction

Decreased strain on infrastructure

Improved GNP, reduce national debt

Saved companies money

Reduced dependence on oil

Reduces carbon emissions by 51 metric tons/year (associated with global warming)

More flexible staffing options

Provides accommodations for those with disabilities per ADA

Time wasted on a commute

Roundtrip Commute (min) Hours per Year 40-hour Weeks per year
20 80 2
40 160 4
60 240 6
80 320 8
100 400 10
120 480 12

https://engage.umuc.edu/docs/DOC-4506

67

Cons of telecommuting

Loss of routine

Lack of interaction with colleagues

Lack of oversight

Management mistrust

Worker isolation

Data security

Summary

Work has been fundamentally altered because of technology

Technology has logarithmically changed the pace of work

Work has shifted away from physical labor and the every day need to subsist to knowledge/information work and a lifestyle that affords leisure

Important question – has technology made man unnecessary in the workforce? What are the implications?

.MsftOfcThm_Accent1_Fill { fill:#003E6A; } .MsftOfcThm_Accent1_Stroke { stroke:#003E6A; }

Collepals.com Plagiarism Free Papers

Are you looking for custom essay writing service or even dissertation writing services? Just request for our write my paper service, and we'll match you with the best essay writer in your subject! With an exceptional team of professional academic experts in a wide range of subjects, we can guarantee you an unrivaled quality of custom-written papers.

Get ZERO PLAGIARISM, HUMAN WRITTEN ESSAYS

Why Hire Collepals.com writers to do your paper?

Quality- We are experienced and have access to ample research materials.

We write plagiarism Free Content

Confidential- We never share or sell your personal information to third parties.

Support-Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions.

Related Posts

All Rights Reserved Terms and Conditions
College pals.com Privacy Policy 2010-2018