I have done literature review on anticancer drugs ( blood cancer research cells ). Now my part is to do cost analysis of each

What Charles River is doing to Validate Anti-cancer Drugs

a) CRO, an acronym of contract research organizations 

A syndicate that offers sustenance to the medical device, pharmaceuticals as well as for biotechnology industries via a mode of research services that gets outsourced on a contract mode.

b) What can be done through a CRO like Charles River to validate an anti-cancer drug (Bio Huntress) in their mouse myeloma/lymphoma/leukemia model?

1. The Charles River laboratory goes to the extent of acquiring contest that costs up to $38 million.

2. The laboratory acquires the Germany contest that specializes mostly in offering innovative services for oncology to create a peak tier oncology assortment for validating therapies resulting from new cancer.

3. Charles River lab attempts to carry out oncology as well as the immune-oncology cell that is based on assays.

4. The laboratory focuses on its oncology besieged compounds by testing the efficacy of its compound basing on its reliability, cost-effective means besides rapid in vitro.

5. The laboratories range of immune-oncology as well as oncology cells centred assays are inclusive of:

i). The role of PDX and TME

a. To make sure therapies test any effect on the actual patient materials

b. Therapies too test the interaction with human immunity

6. The laboratory carries out translational Patient-derived xenograft assays

Description of the experiment

7. Charles River laboratory adopts the strategy of creating a translation podium specifically for Immuno oncology.

a) Available Patented cell lines include pairs that are matched like;

i. Cell lines

ii. Corresponding PDX        

8. Due to the difficulty resulting from the tumour microenvironment, the Charles River laboratory needs to come up with in vitro assays

9. Investigating through a multicellular phenotypic assessment facilitates a proper way to examine the way the element responses with the platform application

10. The company’s advantage to have a wide variety of malignant tumour lines facilitates with a broad range that can test fit alternatives.

11. The laboratory evaluates the classical xenograft assortment regularly to access gain a better response on the care standards to facilitate permutation of studies mode.

12. The company’s experience with the discovery of the oncology drug distances all the levels from the objective identification to the studies of IND.

13. Charles River laboratory tries to use the most operational mixture of tools accessible to detect the promising components.

14. The company combines effort with other partners to come up with studies via the method of selection from a wide variety of tumour prototypes that are well characterized. 

15. Charles River company plays a crucial role in profiling the agent in a range of tumour categories

16. The company provides with a wide variety of histotypes which is inclusive of;

a) Cancer of the breast

b) Colon cancer

c) Cancer of the lungs

d) Non little cell cancer of the lungs

e) Tumor models that have a high medical requirement like;

i. Cancer of the ovary

ii. Leukemia cancer

iii. Prostate cancer

iv. Lymphoma cancer

17. An expert team from the Charles River Company attempts to magnify data in the tumour prototype essence as well as presenting a robust portfolio at the industry symposium.

18. The company’s compendium offers access to a more all-inclusive assortment of tumour models that are well established to use in the initial stages of oncology research

The type of animal is a AML mouse

19. The company carries out the development of dispersed AML mouse prototype to evaluate therapeutic processes of immune spot check inhibitors employing bioluminescence imaging.

20. Researchers have gone to the extent of developing a dispersed AML syndrome model to examine responses that result from the immune turnpike inhibitors like

i. PD-1

ii. PD-L1

iii. CTLA-4

21. Charles River expertise team of researchers attempts to monitor oncometabolite as well as immunomodulators in a direct means in the micro tumour surrounding.

22. Scientists, as well as researchers, work diligently towards hastening the research of cancer as well as accelerating efforts towards achieving anticancer drug progress.

23. Charles River laboratory initiates a tumour prototype anthology that eases up oncology research.

24. The company carries on within Vivo cancer models which are inclusive of;

i. Cachexia prototype

ii. Syngeneic model

iii. Solo mouse tribunals

iv. Orthotopic prototype

v. PDX model

vi. Cell line xenograft prototype applying to both rats as well as rats

25. Charles River laboratory adopts an advanced strategy of the innovative Zebrafish PDX also known as ZTX tm model that makes it possible to trajectory metastasis found in vivo

i. Zebrafish PDX model attempts to match the mouse PDX prototype by making it possible to examine responses resulting from drugs in a more nonrodent in vivo strategy together with dispatch time besides in vitro

Amount of drug commonly usually

26. Researchers from Charles River Company attempt to report any resulting evidence of ZTX tm models correctness when it comes to predicting anti-tumour reactions to most non-cell lung cancer drugs.

i). ZTX tm prototype offers a subtle strategy when determining the risks that result from metastatic as well as the anti-metastatic effectiveness of non-small cell lung cancer significant drugs.

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Running Head: IN VIVO MODELS FOR DEVELOPING ANTICANCER DRUGS

IN VIVO MODELS FOR DEVELOPING ANTICANCER DRUGS 2

INVIVO MODELS FOR DEVELOPING ANTICANCER DRUGS

RELEVANCE AND COST EFFECTIVENESS

Cancer has increasingly become a troublesome disease and many people and countries have suffered as a result of this disease. To a great extent, rodent animal models have been used to offer an understanding of the developmental biology of cancer cells and how hosts respond to the transformed cells. Unfortunately, rodent animal models have not helped develop treatments as cancer continues to cause a high rate of death in the western hemisphere (MacRae & Peterson, 2015, p.723, para.5). The effects of the diseases not only affect the diseased individual but also their friends and family since they have to offer emotional support to the individual and also help in their activities of daily living when one becomes weak during the last stages of cancer.

There is also a financial impact that comes with the disease since treatment is costly and people in poor economies are overwhelmed to the point it leaves them poorer. Due to these effects, great investment has been put in developing anticancer drugs as well as the best treatment approaches to handle the disease. Cancer researchers spent a great time studying how this dreadful disease develops in the human body and how it affects the immune system in efforts to discover treatment techniques.

To discover drugs and improve diagnosis and cellular therapy, cancer researchers use both in vitro and in vivo models where the former takes outside the living organism and the latter occurs within the body of the organism. In vivo models are preferred since they offer a more detailed and practical understanding. Rodent animal models have been in great use in helping to understand the developmental biology of carcinogenesis. However, the disease continues to be a threat and there is a need to understand the disease better and this has necessitated the rise in the use of zebrafish models to develop anticancer drugs due to their increased features and benefits compared to murine models. This essay will focus on in vivo models of developing anticancer drugs with a key focus on blood cancers.

1. Blood Cancers.

Blood cancers affect how blood cells are produced and how they function and limit them from performing their functions at optimal levels. most blood cancers emanate from the bone marrow which is where the production of blood takes place. The spongy tissue inside the bones is greatly affected by cancer and this leads to the production of abnormal blood cells which then grow out of control (Zhao et al., 2015, p.8, para.4). Blood cancers as suggested by the name refers to types of cancers that affect the blood, lymphatic system, and bone marrow. Blood cancers are also known as hematologic cancers and are characterized by abnormal blood cells that grow out of control and affect the normal functioning of the white blood cells responsible for fighting infections.

Symptoms of blood cancer depend on the type of cancer by the general symptoms include recurring infection due to low immunity, fatigue caused by low hemoglobin, increased weight loss, backache, swollen nodes, itchy skin, and bone pain (Davis et al., 2014, p. 731, para.1). Some of the causes of blood cancer include human T-virus, radiation, myelodysplastic syndrome, genetics, and chemical contact. The cure rate in blood cancer is high where a patient can become from the disease through the right medication and treatment. The cure rate however depends on the type of cancer. The known and leading blood cancers are leukemia (blood), lymphoma (lymphatic system), and myeloma (bone marrow).

a. Leukemia.

Leukemia is common in adults and children and develops when the cell regulatory processes considered normal lead to uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells found within the bone marrow. Leukemia occurs in the bone marrow and blood and is characterized by the production of many abnormal white blood cells which cannot fight infection and reduces the ability of the bone marrow to produce platelets and red blood cells. The known types of leukemia mostly encountered by primary care physicians include chronic myelogenous, acute myelogenous, acute lymphoblastic, and chronic lymphocytic (Davis et al., 2014, p. 731, para.2). In the United States, the age-adjusted incidence rate of leukemia is 12.8 percent per 100,000 people every year where the most affected people are white males, and the risk of getting the disease increases with age (Davis et al., 2014, p. 731, para.2). Numerous genetic syndromes such as neurofibromatosis and Down’s syndrome are pointed as the leading causes of acute myelogenous and acute lymphoblastic in children.

Exposure to ionizing radiation is also a risk factor for leukemia especially when people are exposed to medical radiation and atomic bombs. Environmental and occupational exposure to benzene, a chemical released during the combustion of coal and petrol and in plastics and paints is also a risk factor for acute myelogenous leukemia (Davis et al., 2014, p. 731, para.3).

Acute myelogenous leukemia in adults accounts for 80 percent of acute leukemia cases. On the other hand, cases of chronic leukemia subtypes occur majorly in adults where half of the patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia get the diagnosis with leukocytosis (Davis et al., 2014, p. 732, para.4). Diagnosis of leukemia starts with a blood count where patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia have a higher white blood cells count in comparison to those with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. Diagnosis may also include the measuring of liver function tests, creatinine levels, coagulation studies, and serum electrolytes (Davis et al., 2014, p. 733, para.4).

The clonal expansion of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood is a characteristic of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and this can be confirmed through immunophenotyping. The diagnosis of leukemia is confirmed by a hematologist-oncologist and any positive response leads to the commencement of treatment which may include monoclonal antibodies, radiation, chemotherapy, or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Davis et al., 2014, p. 735, para.5). The subtype of leukemia is what determines the treatment to be used as well as comorbid conditions, age of the patient, and molecular and cytogenetic findings. A patient is described to be in the active stage when conditions of progressive lymphadenopathy, anemia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis, and splenomegaly get worse.

Leukemias are classified according to the cell of origin and the rate in which they grow. Therefore, the leukemias can be lymphoblastic or lymphocytic (Lymphoid origin), myeloid or myelogenous (myeloid origin), chronic, or acute (Baeten & Jong, 2018, p.1, para.1). Zebrafish model is being increasingly used to study the development of leukemia and possible development of anticancer drugs due to their numerous advantages which include ease of transgenesis, specialized lines which allow transplantation into immunodeficient and syngeneic animals, precise imaging, rapid fecundity and development, genome editing, and genomic similarity to humans (Baeten & Jong, 2018, p.1, para.2). There are a large number of knockouts, inbred, transgenic, and other specialized lines in the zebrafish community over the years to be applied in various conditions. Leukemia models are of several lines and allow tumors to be transplanted without it being necessary to pre-transplant immune ablation.

           Zebrafish leukemia models of lymphoid origin are B-Cell Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), and T-Cell lymphoblastic leukemia (T-AL). the oncogene c-Myc is the most affected gene pathways and associated with most cancers related to lymphoid leukemia (Baeten & Jong, 2018, p.3, para.5). The first T-ALL model was analyzed, and it was confirmed that tumor cells obtained from clonal expansion of transformed T lymphocyte precursors had their origin in the thymus. B-ALL was discovered in the rag2: cMyc fish which provided a chance to study B-ALL in an accessible model (Baeten & Jong, 2018, p.6, para.1). Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myeloproliferative neoplasms were developed following the success of zebrafish ALL models. This was done through the creation of transgenic lines that could express oncogenic fusion mutations and genes found in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms and acute myeloid leukemia.

b. Multiple Myeloma.

Multiple myeloma causes interference of the plasma cells in the blood and reduces the ability of antibodies to protect the body from being attacked by pathogens, resulting in a weak body. Myeloma (Multiple Myeloma, MM) affects the plasma cells of the blood and affects how antibodies necessary to keep the body’s immune system from being produced normally, making the body weak and easy to be infected (Letrado et al., 2018, p.6050, para.2). Multiple myeloma is described as a systemic malignant disease. Nonfunctional intact immunoglobulin chains are a characteristic of multiple myeloma due to the uncontrolled proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells (Gerecke et al., 2016, p.470, para.1). Globally, multiple myeloma forms 1 percent of all cancers and more than 10 percent of hematological neoplasms. Smoldering (asymptomatic) myeloma is a transitional phase that leads to symptomatic multiple myeloma and is common with monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS). There is no need for treatment of smoldering myeloma although therapeutic measures are necessary in case of certain risk factors (Gerecke et al., 2016, p.471, para.1). Systemic therapy is offered for patients who have clonal plasma cell damage or where any organ in their body is threatened.

Randomized controlled trials using modern therapy have shown that the median survival rate in multiple myeloma is estimated to be six years. The treatment of multiple myeloma takes place in 3-4 cycles of induction therapy before the harvest of stem cell which is followed by induction therapy to delay autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) or frontline ASCT (Rajkumar, 2018, p.1096, para.1). Other treatments for multiple myeloma are lenalidomide-low dose dexamethasone, bortezomib-containing regimens, and carfilzomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone (Rajkumar, 2018, p.1096). The chances of relapsing for patients with multiple myeloma are high and the treatment of the relapse is affected by the aggressiveness of the relapse, timing of the relapse, performance status, and response to past therapy.

The 5T model has been a great achievement in understanding the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma, although there have been efforts to overcome the limitations presented by genetically murine myeloma. The specific effect of a specific drug is determined by mouse survival and tumor volume (Rossi et al., 2018, p.20120, para.2). In the SCID-hu model, the recipient mouse is implanted with a human fetal bone chip. In the SCID-rab model, rabbit bones replace the human fetal bone where the human disease is produced once the multiple myeloma cells and engrafted into the rabbit (Rossi et al., 2018, p.20122, para.3). Xenograft models of human myeloma in mice, genetically engineered models, and immunodeficient and immunocompetent mouse myeloma models are used as preclinical murine models of multiple myeloma (Lwin et al., 2016, p.5, para.1).

c. Lymphoma.

This type of cancer affects the lymphatic system in humans and hinders the system from making immunity cells and the removal of excess fluids. During lymphoma, there is abnormal production of lymphocytes which turns them into lymphoma cells that are incapable of fighting infections. The fourth most common hematologic malignancy in man is the B-cell lymphomas as well as the common Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The follicular lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and marginal zone lymphoma are the most common types of B-cell lymphomas (Kohnken et la., 2017, p.8, para.1). Through murine models, it has been possible to study tumor microenvironment, biology, response mechanisms to therapy. Follicular lymphoma grows slowly with generally favorable response to therapy but there is increased resistance. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma is an aggressive and rare non-Hodgkin lymphoma and has a poor response to chemotherapeutic treatment. Cutaneous lymphocytes are heterogeneous and majorly damage the skin (Kohnken et la., 2017, p.8, para.6). Lymphoma affects the body’s lymphatic system and prevents how this system makes immune cells and emitting excess fluids. Lymphoma causes the production of abnormal lymphocytes, turning them into lymphoma cells that cannot fight infection (Katt et al., 2016, p.6). According to the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, it is estimated that more than I million people in the United States are living with or are in remission from Myeloma, Lymphoma, or leukemia.

2. Current Treatments Available.

The treatment of blood cancers is a process that needs physicians and doctors to be cautious to ensure that the causing factors are identified and eliminated to lower the chances of cancer recurring. The current treatments available have not managed to completely eradicate the various cancers and result in managing the symptoms to increase the survival rate of patients. Treatments in the present that are considered in treating cancer include biological therapy, chemotherapy, blood transfusion, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation (Blackburn & Langenau, 2014, p. 759, para.1). Bone marrow transplantation and blood transfusion aim to replace the affected bone marrow and blood with another that is healthy but faces the danger of rejection by the recipient’s body which could put them at great health risk (Blackburn & Langenau, 2014, p.757, para.2). Chemotherapy as a cancer treatment involves administering medication to reduce the impact of cancer cells, but this is at the expense of the patient’s health since the medication is too strong and may cause other problems. Zebrafish have a great potential to be used in the future to address the problems of chemotherapy medication since it is suitable for various pharmacological techniques (Langheinrich, 2003, p.911, para.11).

Radiation therapy focuses on destroying cancer cells through radiation. Radiation therapy has the limitations of causing damage to surrounding tissues, failure to kill tumor cells not visible in imaging scans, and failure to kill cancer cells within tumors (Chakraborty & Rahman, 2012, p.2, para.3). There is a challenge in targeting cancer stem cells which would help to get rid of cancer cells and this is contributed to by the inadequate research in this area (Chakraborty & Rahman, 2012, p.2, para3). The problem with radiation is that it damages the neighboring tissues which may leave the patient suffering from injuries as well as challenges with killing tumor cells that may not be visible through imaging scans, and failure of radiation to kill cells within tumors.

These treatments are important in that they help the patients to manage pain as caused by cancer as well as other symptoms that reduce the quality of life of patients. Some of the treatments have side effects like diarrhea, loss of appetite, constipation, swelling, delirium, and thrombocytopenia that further increase the discomfort of the patients. The current treatments for cancer are invasive to the human body and also greatly affect the health of individuals who are already sick, making cancer a greatly dreaded disease (Mione & Trede, 2010, p.518, para.3). Also, the treatments are expensive for many people and quite often most families are drained financially, leading to poverty especially in developing countries. There is thus the need for new treatments which will be less invasive, less impact on health, and cheaper to allow affordability in treatment since cancer is a disease for both the poor and rich.

Such problems can be avoided through research since drugs have similar effects on zebrafish just as humans in terms of anemia, hematopoiesis, physiology, and cardiovascular disorders (Huiting et al., 2015. P.723, para.4). Also, such problems can be improved through the use of the zebrafish whose transparent nature allows a good angle to examine the responses of the host (Mione & Trede, 2010, p.518, para.4). Zebrafish remains to be an instrumental animal model which has been used in drug discovery as well as discovering new compounds, toxicity, and response (Letrado et al., 2018, p.6052, para.2).

3. Evaluating New Drugs.

The shortcomings of current treatments necessitate the need to develop new drugs that will be more efficient in dealing with cancer and yield better results. Cancer researchers are continuously researching new drugs for treating known blood cancers. In vitro tumor models have been used I cancer research and act as low-cost screening models for drug therapies, but cancer continues to recur due to unchecked metastasis. Cancer researchers have intensively used in vitro tumor models to perform research on cancer and have been considered as low-cost screening models to develop therapies.

The different in vitro models include tumor-micro vessel, spheroid-based, hybrid, and trans well-based models. The advantages of the trans well-based models are that they are applied in comparing the metastatic potential of cells, increased throughput, low-cost assays, and ease in implementation (Katt et al., 2016, p.2, para.5). The advantages of spheroid-based models are that there is the mass production of culture, increased throughput, more efficiency, the possibility of coculture with defined cell types, progressing perfusion, and speedy spheroid formation (MacRae & Peterson, 2015, p. 6). The advantages of hybrid tumor models include the possibility of tracking cells in real-time, outgrowth is mimicked in the surrounding tissues, tumor heterogeneity is maintained, and patient-specific assays are allowed (Katt et la., 2016, p.8). The demerits of in vitro models include failure in the control of uniformity concerning size and composition, a contradiction in data from migration assays and invasion, unpredictability, tumor complexity is absent, and issues in the collection cells for analysis (Mione & Trede, 2010, p.520, para.4).

The various in vitro models have disadvantages like conflicting data from invasion and migration assays, failure to control uniformity in terms of composition and size, problems in collecting cells to be analyzed, absence of tumor complexity, and unpredictability in random vessel network.

Source: Therasnotics

a. In vitro model

Such limitations create the need to use an animal model such as a mouse and zebrafish. Both mouse and zebrafish models allow in vivo research which makes research within an organism possible to help cancer researchers to observe the effects of cancer on animals. When compared in terms of efficiency, zebrafish is a better animal model since its transparency and rapid development allow researchers to make better observations. The zebrafish is able to enhance multiple myeloma cell growth and offer in-depth knowledge on cell microenvironment to understand treatment (Lin et al, 2016, p.252, para.3). There have been large-scale drug screens that have been completed in vitro using human cell lines, but in vivo studies have been considered an accurate representation of how drugs respond (Blackburn & Langenau, 2014, p.759, para.1).

4. Animal Models.

BioPharma needs to carry out animal experimentation to test a drug to a certain disease. Animal experimentation allows the research to make critical observations of the effect of the drug on the animal as well as the disease being tested. Animal experimentation allows the researcher to introduce cancerous tissue to the embryo of an animal and observe how cancer grows and its effect on the animal (Pringle et al., 2020). The fact that in vitro models do not allow cancer researchers to view cancer cells within an organism to better understand how they affect the body, it is vital that BioPharma conduct animal experimentation, hence the zebrafish and murine in vivo animal models.

Mouse models for lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma have been extensively used to test how the various cancers affect living organisms. The benefits of mouse models include the easy availability of mice, they have a short generation period which allows the research to take less time, the low maintenance cost of the mice, and the possibility of easy genetic manipulation of the animals (Lin et al., 2016, p.252, para2). The limitations of mouse models include problems in collecting blood due to the small body size, difficulties in vivo imaging, and research mice could be inbred which fails to capture the right genetic variation in humans. Through in vivo animal models, the researchers manage to may incredible observations that allow them to understand how cancer affects the body as well as how the various anticancer drugs being tested attack the cancerous cells and the host’s body (Pringle et al., 2020, p.6).

Due to the challenges in the mouse models, there is a need for other models which necessitates the use of zebrafish. Zebrafish can be used to study leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma just like mouse models (Langheinrich, 2003, p.907). The benefits of using zebrafish to develop anticancer drugs are due to their ability to recapitulate different human cancers to identify and validate drugs, the advantage of in vivo imaging, rapid development, high numbers of progeny, easy absorption of compounds, lower maintenance costs, increased sharing of genetic and molecular homologies with humans, fewer legal restrictions, and increased accessibility of zebrafish embryos (Huiting et al., 2015, p.2, para.2). Limitations in the use of zebrafish models are that their physiology is not identical to that of humans, most genes may occur in two copies causing problems in determining functional roles, and problems in drug diffusion.

Source: ScienceDirect.

b. In vivo animal model

Just like mice, zebrafish animal models can be used to perform research on myeloma, lymphoma, and leukemia. Zebrafish has increasingly been used as a model organism in various areas of developmental biology and molecular genetics of vertebrates (Langheinrich, 2003, p.904, para.2). There are numerous benefits to derive from the use of zebrafish in developing anticancer drugs due to their unique features of an increased number of progeny, the rapid rate of development, they are quick to absorb compounds, the possibility of in vivo imaging, zebrafish share more molecular and genetic homologies with man, cost of maintenance is low, easy accessibility of zebrafish, and less legal restrictions. Challenges in the use of zebrafish include difficulties in determining the roles of genes since they may occur in two copies, differences in physiology compared to humans, and drug diffusion is slower (Zhao et al., 2015, p.4). Regardless of the few challenges, zebrafish stand out as the best in the development of anticancer drugs.

Conclusion

The development of the right anticancer drugs is of great importance to ensure that patients will be able to receive the right care so they can go back to their normal lives. cancer researchers are continuously studying the various types of cancer to understand how they affect the human body as well as how they respond to treatment and therapy. Cancer continues to be a deadly disease in the world and many people lose their lives every year. The emotional and financial impact of cancer is immense considering the investments in research and receiving the care. Animal models offer a great chance through which anticancer drugs can be developed to increase the level of treatment. mouse models have been extensively used to understand tumor biology and microenvironment. In addition to murine models, zebrafish models have grown in popularity due to their critical features that promote in vivo research to enhance understanding of the disease with the living organism. More research should continue to be performed to increase the chances of success in defeating cancer.

5. Cost – Efficiency of Particular Model

a. Cost – efficiency of Zebrafish Model on Blood Cancer Research Cells

The Zebrafish are small and warm water pond fish. Mostly, they are popular in-home aquariums since they are easy to take care of. However, they are vertebrates with same organs that of humans. Besides, they have transparent embryos that establishes outside the womb (Aksoy et al, 2019). These Zebrafish are always popular when it comes to biomedical research model. Apart from of having the same immune system as that of human beings, these fish are also found in fresh water. It is an aspect which makes them relatively easy and cost – efficient to keep. In addition, they breed at higher rate an aspect which makes them to be ideal for the multi- national general research.

The advantages of Zebrafish over the other research model are as follows

· The maintenance costs are far much less than even 1/1000th maintenance cost of mice

· It is discovered that Zebrafish are social and small and can be contained 70 of them in a standard tank. It is vital economic aspect compared with only 5 mice in one cage.

· The Zebrafish are substantial less expensive as one goes for only 6.5 cents in one day. It is more economical compared to 90cents per day per mice.

· The Zebrafish repair and fully regrow their functional organs which includes heart, kidney, spinal cord a

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