A 6-page double-spaced literature review Introduction with a general thesis Historical background/context for your topic tak

Introduction

During the early days of Christianity, it went through different trials and hardships in an effort to recognize itself by establishing the foundation of the Church, the Mission, and the Christian identity. Not long after, the early Christians were forced to survive through the waves of Islamic rule for centuries. Christians were tested and tried with their faiths, ideals, identities, and future significantly influenced by Islam, both in faith and governance.

1) Theme of Christian Spirituality influenced by Islam

2) Christian communities and their daily lives under Islamic Caliphate(s)

3) A review of the written works and interpretations of the relations between Christianity and Islam

Context

Interactions between Christianity and Islam can be dated back to 632 ad, when Islam started to spread out north of the Arabian Peninsula with plans of conquest. The relationship would continue for centuries later. The lives of Christians were no doubt altered under Islamic rule. In order to grasp and maintain an accurate representation of the plight of Christians during this period and its reflective effect on its own future, it is imperative to introduce the works of scholars who studied various aspects of the lives of Christians during this time period.

Sub-category (1960-1979)

Works: Ahmad, Hitti, Jurji, O’Callaghan, Von Grunebaum. 1

Sub-category (1980-1999)

Works: Black, Boojamra, Coope, Kopanski, Schick. 2

Sub-category (2000-2019)

Works: Brodeur, Desnoyers, Griffith, Sahner, Stephan. 3

Conclusion

1

The aim of this literature review is to provide insight to the intertwined livelihoods and fates of Christianity and Islam by attending to events that occurred during the rule of the Islamic Caliphate.

1 Gustave E. Von Grunebaum, “Pluralism in the Islamic World,” Islamic Studies 3, no. 2 (June 1962): 34-59.

2 Robert Schick, “Christian Life in Palestine during the Early Islamic Period,” The Biblical Archaeologist 51, no. 4 (December 1988): 218-21, 239-40.

3 Rita Stephan, The Veil (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.)

Bibliography

Ahmad, Aziz. “The Shrinking Frontiers of Islam.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 7, no. 2 (April 1976): 145-59.

Black, Antony. “Islamic Views of International Order.” Rivista di Storia della Filosofia 52, no. 1 (1997): 129-40.

Boojamra, J L. “Christianity in Greater Syria: Surrender and Survival.” Byzantion 67, no. 1 (1997): 148-78.

Brodeur, Patrice C. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, 1st ed., s.v. “Christianity and Islam.” New York: Gale, 2004.

Coope, Jessica A. “Religious and Cultural Conversion to Islam in Ninth-Century Umayyad Cordoba.” Journal of World History 4, no. 1 (Spring 1993): 47-68.

Desnoyers, Charles A., and Peter Von Sivers, and George B. Stow. Patterns of World History: Brief Third Edition. New York: Oxford University Press. 2018.

Griffith, Sidney H. The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2008.

Hitti, Philip K. Capital Cities of Arab Islam. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1973.

Jurji, Edward J. “The Islamic Setting in the History of Religions.” Islamic Studies 8, no. 4 (December 1969): 301-17.

Kelsay, John. Love and Christian Ethics. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. 2016.

Kopanski, Ataullah Bogdan. “Islam in Italy and in its Libyan Colony.” Islamic Studies 32, no. 2 (Summer 1993): 191-204.

O’Callaghan, Joseph F. A History of Medieval Spain. New York: Cornell University Press. 1975.

Sahner, Christian C. Christian Martyrs under Islam: Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2018.

Schick, Robert. “Christian Life in Palestine during the Early Islamic Period.” The Biblical Archaeologist 51, no. 4 (December 1988): 218-21, 239-40.

Stephan, Rita. The Veil. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2008.

Von Grunebaum, Gustave E. “Pluralism in the Islamic World.” Islamic Studies 3, no. 2 (June 1962): 37-59.

Ahmad, Aziz. “The Shrinking Frontiers of Islam.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 7, no. 2 (April 1976): 145-59. A historical look into the regional areas Islam has influenced but had some minor or major setbacks. The regions discussed are Spain, the Balkans, Crimea, Central Asia, Africa, India, Southeast Asia.

Black, Antony. “Islamic Views of International Order.” Rivista di Storia della Filosofia 52, no. 1 (1997): 129-40. A look into the treatment of ‘dhimmis’ by Islam. The article discusses how Islam views and treat other peoples from different backgrounds and including them in “protected classes”, which include Christians, Jews, Hindus, etc… (page 135)

Boojamra, J L. “Christianity in Greater Syria: Surrender and Survival.” Byzantion 67, no. 1 (1997): 148-78. The subject of this paper is precisely where, how, and when Christians survived as a faith community within the “nation” of Islam. A more pessimistic view of things; this paper gives the impression that Islam is a conquering and dominating ruthless force.

Brodeur, Patrice C. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, 1st ed., s.v. “Christianity and Islam.” New York: Gale, 2004. This article in the encyclopedia talks heavily about the history of Christian-Muslim relations starting from the inception of Islam until the modern era. An excellent resource when looking into how the two ideologies co-existed during a large time period.

Coope, Jessica A. “Religious and Cultural Conversion to Islam in Ninth-Century Umayyad Cordoba.” Journal of World History 4, no. 1 (Spring 1993): 47-68. The purpose of this article is to examine the process of conversion to Islam in one part of the medieval world. The article argues that understanding the conversion to Islam in that time period will provide understanding of conversion into a new group identity or culture.

Desnoyers, Charles A., and Peter Von Sivers, and George B. Stow. Patterns of World History: Brief Third Edition. New York: Oxford University Press. 2018. A textbook that details the rise and history of Islamic civilization starting from Chapter 10.

Griffith, Sidney H. The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2008. This book gives an example of how Christian-Islamic relationships were flourishing and harmonious during the golden age of Islam in the city of Baghdad. Gives an insight into the benefits performed and received by both parties.

Hitti, Philip K. Capital Cities of Arab Islam. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1973. This book mentions the city of Baghdad and how its significance in world history affected people of all backgrounds, including Christianity and the Church.

Jurji, Edward J. “The Islamic Setting in the History of Religions.” Islamic Studies 8, no. 4 (December 1969): 301-17. This article is about the core beliefs and theology of Islam and its practices. It shows on many occasions the relationship between Islam, Judaism, and Christianity on a fundamental level.

Kelsay, John. Love and Christian Ethics. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. 2016. A specific chapter in this book discusses the Muslim discourse of neighborly love and provides further insight into the Christian-Islamic relationship of medieval Middle East.

Kopanski, Ataullah Bogdan. “Islam in Italy and in its Libyan colony.” Islamic Studies 32, no. 2 (Summer 1993): 191-204. A history of Islamic and Christian life within Italy and the surrounding areas. A clash and resolution between the two distinct backgrounds and cultures set within a specific geographical location.

O’Callaghan, Joseph F. A History of Medieval Spain. New York: Cornell University Press. 1975. This book offers insight into the Christian movement and Church in a reclaimed 11th century Spain. It shows how Christianity reestablished the Church while building on the foundations of previous residents; growing culturally and spiritually.

Sahner, Christian C. Christian Martyrs under Islam: Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2018. This article provides insight into the opposing view that differs from most of the other sources. The article states a question of why Umayyad and ‘Abbasid officials executed Christian martyrs.

Schick, Robert. “Christian Life in Palestine during the Early Islamic Period.” The Biblical Archaeologist 51, no. 4 (December 1988): 218-21, 239-40. A discussion of Christian life during the earliest days of Islam centered specifically around Palestine. Contains images for reference.

Stephan, Rita. The Veil. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2008. This book gives us a unique perspective on relationships between Islam and Christianity throughout the historical context of Syria from a woman’s perspective.

Von Grunebaum, Gustave E. “Pluralism in the Islamic World.” Islamic Studies 3, no. 2 (June 1962): 37-59. This journal article speaks in depth about the development and early stages of Islam across the Arabian Peninsula and further out to Spain and West China. There are brief mentions of similarities and differences between the Islamic faith and Christianity both from a theological and practical perspectives.

Last Name, First Name. The Title of the Book. City: Name of a Publisher, year.

Cohen, Paul. China and Christianity: The Missionary Movement and the Growth of Chinese Antiforeignism, 1860-1870. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963.

___________ . Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.

Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York:

W.W. Norton & Company, 1999.

Last Name, First Name. “Title of an Article.” Title of a Journal Number of volume, number of

issue (Season Year): first page-last page.

Wicks, Robert S. “The Ancient Coinage of Mainland Southeast Asia.” Journal of Southeast

Asian Studies 16, no. 2 (September 1985): 195-225.

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