My topic that I chose was HIV/AIDS. Attached you will find the rubric and a sample. In addition, are some articles, etc that

BIO 212 M2 Project Work Disease Selection and Examination

Criteria A C F F no

submission

Points 25 25 19 14 0

Selected from the list:

The student selected an appropriate

disease from the list or contacted the

instructor for an appropriate alternative

choice

The work uses the provided

list (or instructor approval) to

select an appropriate topic

The work did not use the

provided list or did not

receive prior approval

The submitted work is not

adequate

No submission

Points 50 50 37 27 0

Content:

The work contains complete, correct

and sufficiently detailed and specific

ideas as stipulated in the assignment

about the infectious disease selected.

The work contains complete,

correct and sufficiently

detailed and specific ideas as

stipulated in the assignment

about the disease selected.

The work contains some of

the correct ideas as stipulated

but lacks sufficient details.

The work is incomplete in

many areas.

No submission

Points 25 25 19 14 0

Writing Mechanics & Formatting:

Grammar, spelling and syntax are

correct. Length meets requirements for

the assignment.

No errors in grammar,

spelling or syntax throughout

the entire document; meets

length requirements.

A few minor errors in

grammar, spelling and/or

syntax. Does not adhere to

length requirements.

Significant number of errors

in grammar, spelling and/or

syntax throughout. Does not

adhere to length

requirements.

No submission

Point totals 100 75 55 0

BIO 212 M2 Project Work Disease Selection and Examination

Criteria A C F F no

submission

Points 25 25 19 14 0

Selected from the list:

The student selected an appropriate

disease from the list or contacted the

instructor for an appropriate alternative

choice

The work uses the provided

list (or instructor approval) to

select an appropriate topic

The work did not use the

provided list or did not

receive prior approval

The submitted work is not

adequate

No submission

Points 50 50 37 27 0

Content:

The work contains complete, correct

and sufficiently detailed and specific

ideas as stipulated in the assignment

about the infectious disease selected.

The work contains complete,

correct and sufficiently

detailed and specific ideas as

stipulated in the assignment

about the disease selected.

The work contains some of

the correct ideas as stipulated

but lacks sufficient details.

The work is incomplete in

many areas.

No submission

Points 25 25 19 14 0

Writing Mechanics & Formatting:

Grammar, spelling and syntax are

correct. Length meets requirements for

the assignment.

No errors in grammar,

spelling or syntax throughout

the entire document; meets

length requirements.

A few minor errors in

grammar, spelling and/or

syntax. Does not adhere to

length requirements.

Significant number of errors

in grammar, spelling and/or

syntax throughout. Does not

adhere to length

requirements.

No submission

Point totals 100 75 55 0

Key facts about major deadly diseases

Managing epidemics

VERSION 1

Key facts about major deadly diseases

Managing epidemics

© World Health Organization 2018

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Suggested citation. Managing epidemics: key facts about major deadly diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who. int/about/licensing.

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All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use.

Printed in Luxembourg

Managing epidemics: key facts about major deadly diseases

ISBN 978-92-4-156553-0

Contents

The re-emergence of infectious diseases – The threat continues – The 21st century: already a long series of scourges – Faster and further with a greater impact – Ready and able to detect the next outbreak – One Health and emerging and re-emerging pathogens – Known epidemics: still a severe threat – Strengthening health systems: essential in epidemics

Burden of epidemics: illustrations

Challenges and risk factors for 21st century epidemics – New lifestyles spread diseases further – Revisiting traditional control measures – Equity and solidarity – Epidemics of rumours: a new risk to health

Foreword About this handbook

PART I : EPIDEMICS OF THE 21ST CENTURY

10 11

14 14 15 17 18 19 20 21

22

25 25 26 26 26

Key insights into infectious disease epidemics

Response tips and checklists – Coordinating responders – Health Information – Communicating risk – Health Interventions

Focus 1: Community engagement during epidemics – Defining a community – Why engage communities – Three elements of community engagement – Ten things to know – Ensuring effective community engagement

Focus 2: Risk communication – a life-saving action in public health emergencies – The essence of risk communication – 21st century aspects change and complicate risk communication – Making it effective – Ten things to know and do – Other factors to remember

Focus 3: Treating patients and protecting the health workforce – Advances in medicine: antibiotics, antivirals, vaccines and new treatments – Treating patients with supportive care – Protecting frontline responders – Confronting the human resources crisis

27

31 32 33 34 36

38 38 38 39 40 41

42 42 43 44 45 47

48 48 49 49 50

PART II: BE IN THE KNOW. 10 KEY FACTS ABOUT 15 DEADLY DISEASES

56

66

76

86

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE

LASSA FEVER

CRIMEAN-CONGO HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER (CCHF)

YELLOW FEVER

ZIKA

CHIKUNGUNYA

AVIAN AND OTHER ZOONOTIC INFLUENZA

SEASONAL INFLUENZA

PANDEMIC INFLUENZA

MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (MERS)

CHOLERA

MONKEYPOX

PLAGUE

LEPTOSPIROSIS

MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS

PART III: TOOL BOXES

Tool box 1: The role of WHO Tool box 2: The International Coordinating Group (ICG) on vaccine provision Tool box 3: Tables for laboratory diagnosis and shipment of infectious substances Tool box 4: Transport of infectious substances Tool box 5: Vector control during epidemics

Acknowledgements

214 227 231 244 248

256

Foreword Can we create a pandemic-free world? There is no such thing as a guarantee, but with meticulous preparation and rapid response, we can prevent most outbreaks from getting out of control, and limit the impact of those that spread internationally.

First, we must build and sustain resilient capacities at national, regional and global levels to prevent, detect and respond to outbreaks, in accordance with the International Health Regulations.

And second, we must ensure that populations affected by emergencies have rapid access to essential life- saving health services, including medicines and vaccines.

That’s why WHO works all around the world to strengthen health systems, built on the foundation of people-centred primary health care that focuses on health promotion and disease prevention, with a strong focus on surveillance systems.

Delivering on these priorities will cost money of course, but only a fraction of what remaining unprepared will cost. In the end, prevention is not only better than cure; it’s cheaper.

This year marks the 100th anniversary of Spanish flu, the deadliest outbreak in recorded history. Up to 50 million people were killed, more than the death toll from the First World War.

Thankfully, we have not seen a public health emergency on that scale since then. But we may at any time. Outbreaks are a fact of life, and the world remains vulnerable. We do not know where or when the next global pandemic will occur, but we do know that it will take a terrible toll, both on human life, and on the global economy.

None of us will ever forget the West African Ebola outbreak in 2014. It taught us a valuable lesson: that global health security is only as strong as its weakest link. No-one is safe until everyone is safe.

Keeping the world safe is one of WHO’s three top strategic priorities in our new General Programme of Work. We are setting ourselves a goal that over the next five years, 1 billion more people will be better protected from epidemics and other health emergencies.

This manual is a valuable tool to help countries make progress towards that goal. It offers expert guidance to help WHO’s country representatives and others to respond quickly in the earliest stages of an outbreak.

But it’s not enough just to respond to outbreaks. We must do our best to prevent them by addressing the root cause of health insecurity: the lack of access of the most vulnerable people to essential health services.

Ultimately, it’s the absence of universal health coverage that is the greatest threat to health security. Universal health coverage and health security are two sides of the same coin.

2018 is also a milestone year for WHO.

It’s our 70th birthday – a reminder that the reasons we were created are as relevant now as they were at our beginning. WHO was founded on the principle that all people should be able to realize their right to the highest possible level of health. “Health for all” has always been our guiding vision.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus Director-General of the World Health Organization

10

About this handbook Handbook purpose Epidemics of infectious diseases are occurring more often, and spreading faster and further than ever, in many different regions of the world. The background factors of this threat are biological, environmental and lifestyle changes, among others.

A potentially fatal combination of newly-discovered diseases, and the re-emergence of many long-established ones, demands urgent responses in all countries. Planning and preparation for epidemic prevention and control are essential.

The purpose of this “Managing epidemics” manual is to provide expert guidance on those responses.

Although this publication is open to a wide readership, it is primarily intended to help the World Health Organization (WHO) country representatives (WRs) to respond effectively and rapidly at the very start of an outbreak.

The manual provides concise and basic up-to-date knowledge with which WRs can advise Ministries of Health in all countries. Specifically, it examines and explains in detail a total of 15 different infectious diseases and the necessary responses to each and every one of them.

These diseases have been selected because they represent potential international threats for which immediate responses are critical. Nearly all of them are subject to WHO’s International Health Regulations (2005) monitoring, and are part of the Global Health Security Agenda.

Perhaps the greatest threat outlined in the manual is an influenza pandemic, which is both unpredictable and inevitable. In the worst-case scenario, there will be no protective vaccine for six months or longer after the virus is identified, and even there will be a global shortage of doses.

On this and other threats, the manual focuses on practical and indispensable things to know about infectious diseases that are most important for national political and operational decision-makers; it also links readers to more exhaustive WHO guidance. It has been developed in parallel with the creation of the WHO MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) on openWHO (https://openwho.org).

Handbook structure The manual is structured in three parts.

• Part One “Epidemics of the 21st century” provides vital insights on the main features of the 21st century upsurge and the indispensable elements to manage them.

• Part Two “Be in the know. 10 key facts about 15 deadly diseases” contains key information about 15 diseases (Ebola Virus Disease, Lassa Fever, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Yellow Fever, Zika, Chikungunya, Avian and Other Zoonotic Influenza, Seasonal Influenza, Pandemic Influenza, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Cholera, Monkeypox, Plague, Leptospirosis and Meningococcal Meningitis). This section provides tips on the interventions required to respond to epidemics of all these diseases.

• Part Three “Tool boxes” gives an overview and summarized guidance on some other important topics, including: the role of WHO, the International Coordinating Group, laboratory diagnosis and shipment of infectious diseases substances, and vector control.

The handbook enables the three levels of WHO – its Headquarters, Regional Offices and Country Offices to work efficiently together by building the foundations of a shared conceptual and thinking framework, which includes common terminology.

This “Managing epidemics” manual will be regularly updated. The next versions will incorporate additional infectious diseases.

11

PART I Epidemics of the 21st century

13

The re-emergence of infectious diseases The threat continues We are continuously learning about the unpredictable powers of nature. This is nowhere more true than in the continuous evolution of new infectious threats to human health that emerge – often without warning – from the natural environment.

Already in these first two decades of the 21st century, the world has been sharply reminded time after time of the degree to which people in all countries and on all continents remain chronically vulnerable to infectious diseases, known and unknown.

In the 1970s, and for years afterwards, this remarkable progress, including the development of new vaccines, antibiotics and other treatments and technologies, led to a proclamation of a victory of mankind over microbes. Many experts thought it was “the time to close the book on the problem of infectious diseases” (Jesse Steinfeld, MD, US Surgeon General, 1969).

Here lay the roots of a dangerous complacency. The microbes didn’t go away. They just went out of sight. Instead, the focus turned to chronic, noncommunicable diseases, which came to receive much more attention. But nature was by no means in retreat. In fact, it seemed to return and took many health institutions and decision makers by surprise.

Since 1970, more than 1,500 new pathogens were discovered, of which 70% proved to be of animal origin: a connection that deserves renewed scrutiny. Not all of them have had a public health impact but some of them have become famous. They included the Ebola virus, in 1976, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), in 1983.

Pause for a moment and reflect that HIV, a relatively new disease in human history, has infected about 70 million people in just 35 years, and killed an estimated 35 million people in the same period. Consider also that in the last 40 years, Ebola has surfaced in almost 25 separate and deadly outbreaks, often after long spells in which it has apparently lain dormant. And now ask the question:

Will history repeat itself?

The answer must be: Yes, it will. A new HIV, a new Ebola, a new plague, a new influenza pandemic are not mere probabilities. Whether transmitted by mosquitoes, other insects, contact with animals or person-to-person, the only major uncertainty is when they, or something equally lethal, will arrive.

The obvious follow-up question is: So what are we doing about it? This purpose of this handbook is to provide as many answers as possible. In doing so it examines a range of challenges and real or potential solutions, ranging from the medical and technological to the social and political.

PART IMANAGING EPIDEMICS | KEY FACTS ABOUT MAJOR DEADLY DISEASES 14

The 21st century: already a long series of scourges In order to try to see the road ahead more clearly, we need frequently to look over our shoulders – all the more so, because these early years of the 21st century have already been deeply scarred by so many major epidemics.

Take plague, one of the most ancient scourges. A thing of the past? By no means. A major outbreak in Madagascar in 2017 led to a total of at least 2,417 confirmed, probable and suspected cases, including 209 deaths. Most cases were of the more fatal pneumonic type which is also transmissible from person to person, but there were also several hundred cases of bubonic plague. Nine countries and territories with trade and travel links to Madagascar were put on plague preparedness alert.

The lesson here is that, over time, diseases very rarely disappear. And there always seems to be room for new ones.

SARS – Severe acute respiratory syndrome – was unheard of before 2003. But it affected more than 8,000 people, killing about one in ten of them, causing fear and panic across the world, and inflicting enormous economic damage, especially in Asian countries.

In 2009, a novel influenza virus, H1N1, started to spread, creating the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. But – and this is a reason for cautious hope – it was not as severe as expected thanks to recent preparedness efforts. The importance of these efforts is a core issue in this handbook.

In 2012-2013, a new virus surfaced in the Middle East, causing an epidemic of what became MERS – Middle East respiratory syndrome – that spreads fatally into many countries beyond that region.

The Ebola epidemic in West Africa (Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone) in 2014 was unlike the previous 24 localized outbreaks observed since 1976. Instead of being restricted geographically

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