Heparin exerts its therapeutic action by: upregulating the activity of one of the body’s natural anticoagulant molecules, antithr

1. Heparin exerts its therapeutic action by:

upregulating the activity of one of the body's natural anticoagulant molecules, antithrombin III.

deactivating calcium-dependent clotting factors.

inducing prothrombin formation.

inducing the formation of fibrin.

2. Which method of drug administration can have immediate effects and requires lower doses compared to oral or parenteral administration?

Intravenous

Sublingual

Transdermal

Inhalation

3. High altitudes may produce hypoxemia by:

right-to-left shunts.

atelectasis.

decreased oxygen inspiration.

emphysema.

All of the above

4. Causes of hyperkalemia include:

hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition.

vomiting and diarrhea.

renal failure and Addison's disease.

hyperaldosteronism and Cushing's disease.

5. Hypomagnesemia occurs when serum magnesium concentration is less than

1.0 mEq/L.

1.5 mEq/L.

2.0 mEq/L.

3.0 mEq/L.