report 2 (must have spss)

The Lab Report 2 assignment provides you with an opportunity to conduct multiple regression analysis to test a health-related hypothesis of the relationship between two variables from the NHANES data and present your results as a scientific write-up following the IMRaD format.

In this assignment, you will practice descriptive and inferential analysis and graphing using variables of your choice from the NHANES data. You will write about your methods, results, and interpretation in the IMRaD format. The overall goal is to convey scientific findings clearly and accurately to a professional audience.

Lab Report 2 requires the following sections:

1. title and author,
2. abstract,
3. introduction,
4. methods,
5. results
6. discussion,
7. reference list, and an
8. appendix.

Section 1: Title and Author

1. Descriptive Title: Brief descriptive title related to the hypothesized relationship between the predictor and outcome. The title may imply results or simply identify the topic area. 
2. Author: List your First and Last Name  
3. Course: List the Course Title and Semester (i.e. BBH 411 Spring 2020)

Section 2: Abstract  

1. The abstract presents the Lab Report in brief. Write a 4-5 sentence summary of the whole paper, briefly touching on the main sections including the introduction, methods, results, and discussion. There will typically be one sentence for each main section of the report.

Section 3: Introduction

The Introduction section should be around 3 paragraphs that provide background and context for the research question and corresponding health-related hypothesis you developed to examine using NHANES data. This section must clearly state the hypothesis, the predictor variable, outcome variable, and covariate variable, as well as the anticipated direction of the relationship. Specifically, include: 

1. Topic Overview
   1. Provide a research-based overview of the topic of your analysis. This section of the paper should describe what is already known about this health topic and why it is an important issue, worthy of study. In this section, you should provide relevant background to your reader about your hypothesis, which you will state in the analysis overview.
2. Analysis Overview: This section should describe the analysis you will conduct.
   1. Clearly state your hypothesis.
   2. Specify the outcome variable (describe it by a meaningful name and indicate the related variable in the dataset), what it is and why it is important (how common it is, how much it is linked to other important outcomes like lifespan, quality of life, economic burden to society, etc.)
   3. Specify the predictor variable (describe it by a meaningful name and indicate the related variable in the dataset), and what research has previously been done to link this variable to the outcome of interests. Mention the prevailing idea(s) about how the predictor is thought to influence the outcome.
   4. Specify the additional covariate you are going to include (describe it by a meaningful name and indicate the related variable in the dataset), mentioning how it is known to influence the outcome or why you hypothesize it will affect the outcome if there is not literature already addressing the relationship. Conclude the paragraph by stating the hypothesis you will be testing (e.g. that the predictor is associated with the outcome when controlling for the one covariate you will control for (e.g. age, sex, etc.)).
3. Supporting Research
   1. The Introduction section must include a brief discussion of at least 3 relevant peer-reviewed scientific articles. Be sure to use appropriate in-text citations to the articles and provide full references in the reference list.

Section 4: Methods

The methods section should be approximately two (2) to three (3) paragraphs and should address the following items:

1. Population Description
   1. Describe who provided data, when, where, how recruitment occurred, and the setting(s) of data collection.
   2. You may use any supporting detail from the NHANES website as well as the data documentation files to gather this information. Cite all sources appropriately.  
2. Measures Descriptions
   1. Describe the main outcome, main predictor, and covariate by explaining:
      1. how each variable was measured.
      2. what NHANES question that generated the variable (or exam or lab, in those cases)
      3. what were the response options or units
      4. what were the coding decisions that needed to be made, if any?
   2. You may refer to the NHANES website and data documentation files to assist in addressing these points, if needed. Cite appropriately and consult your instructor if you have questions.
3. Description of Statistical Analysis
   1. Say whether you used descriptives or frequencies or both to describe your data based on whether your variables were quantitative or categorical.
   2. State which variable was used for sample weighting in the section where you report the nationally representative descriptive stats.
   3. Say whether you used linear or logistic regressions for your analyses based on the scale of your outcome variable.
   4. Also, mention that you started with simple regression; followed by multiple regression (or two or three) with additional covariate(s) added.
   5. Mention that throughout, p < 0.05 accepted as significant
   6. Reminder: dont give the results in this section.

Section 5: Results

The Results section describes the results of statistical analyses and may include graphical representation of the data. This section will be approximately two (2) to three (3) paragraphs in length.

1. Descriptive Statistics for All Variables, Unweighted and Weighted
1. Describe achieved sample size (unweighted) and overall descriptive statistics (both unweighted and weighted) for all the variables, using frequencies or meanstdevs as appropriate, with note of amount of missing data for each variable. Please note: you need only use and report weighted statistics for the descriptives. All other analyses should be run unweighted.
2. Regression Analyses, Unweighted
1. Describe the results of simple regression and multiple regression analyses. Save the output tables and include them as Appendix 1.
2. Create a graph showing the relationship between predictor and outcome. Label it Figure 1. The graph does not need to include the confounder. Create a caption for the graph that describes what is portrayed.
3. Write three (3) to five (5) sentences describing the observed relationship and reference Figure 1. Be sure to clearly describe the simple regression outcome, including a description of the effect and quoting the relevant statistics.
4. If you conducted Linear Regression: Report the B slope and significance (p-value)
5. If you conducted Logistic Regression: Report Exp(B), the odds ratio OR as well as the confidence interval and significance. If the effect is significant, you must say who has higher risk (younger people, women, etc.). For example, you might write, There was no significant association between predictor and outcome (OR = 1.02, CI from 0.98 to 1.06, p = 0.534, see Figure 1).
6. Address the multiple regression results by describing whether the significance of the relationship changed when controlling for your covariate. For example, you might write, After controlling for age, the effect of the predictor on the outcome became weaker, indicating that age was a confounder that exaggerated the effect of the predictor on the outcome (OR = #, CI = #, p = #).

Section 6: Discussion

The Discussion section provides context to and an interpretation of the study results. It also connects the study results to the broader literature on the health topic. It will be between two (2) and three (3) paragraphs in length. It must include a discussion of at least two relevant scholarly sources. It should address these items:

1. Restate main findings of the results and discuss whether they were as expected
1. Address the sample/population in which you analyzed the relationship
2. Address the main hypothesis and say if the results of the analysis were significant and if they were in the direction expected.
3. Describe what happened when the secondary variable was included in the analysis. Indicate whether controlling for the covariate mattered or if the relationship stayed the same.
4. Take care to be accurate when you describe the conclusion of your analysis. You will be graded on the extent to which your statements reflect the meaning of your results.  
2. Compare your results to the previous literature
1. You can discuss, for example, how your sample differs from another paper, how your results differ from another paper, how the role of the covariate differs from that seen in another paper.
2. This section should make reference to at least 2 additional peer-reviewed articles, one of which must be new (not an article cited earlier in the paper).
3. Discuss limitations of the current study
1. Be thoughtful in this section. NHANES is a large study with a carefully selected sample. Be sure the limitations you describe makes sense.
4. Propose future research
1. Describe a study that should be done to do a better job of addressing core areas of interestperhaps a different cross-sectional study, a cohort study, or an experiment to evaluate an interventioninclude descriptions of the population, what measures will be taken, what treatments (if experimental), and what results you would expect. You must state the research design, the population who will be studied, and the measures you will analyze.

Section 7: Reference List

1. Write proper references for the peer-reviewed scientific articles you used in  APA format.
2. Ensure proper placement and the required information for parenthetical in-text citations in APA format throughout the submission.

Section 8: Appendix

1. Provide the regression analyses output (last table of output for each regression analysis: simple and while controlling for a covariate)

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