#8317-ARTICLE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT

INSTRUCTIONS

Select and review a classic or contemporary scholarly journal article related to the colonial origins of American public policy and/or revolutionary statesmanship. Include in your review a discussion of how the work relates to George Carey’s (2003/2004) typology of scholarship on the America political tradition (i.e. whether it reflects a particular scholarly paradigm). Please use quotations sparingly; your review should summarize and paraphrase from the original work, employing limited quotations. Required page length is 4-5 double-spaced pages, excluding title and Reference pages. Please include the following:

• The article’s title and purpose

• The author(s) of the article and a brief summary of his/her/their qualifications

• The article’s hypothesis/research question(s), theoretical assumptions, and research methodology

• A summary and careful evaluation of the article’s findings and conclusions

• The place and contribution of the article within the larger body of literature on the topic (see note above regarding Carey’s typology)

• Current Turabian Author-Date format must be used

Answer Sample

Article Review 

Name

Course

Date

            The article “The imperial origins of American policing: Militarization and imperial feedback in the early 20th century” by Julian Go is about the roots of policing in America. It explains the fears of police militarization in the society a trend witnessed in current police departments. The study pinpoints at an early police militarization with imperial origins and offers a transportable model of imperial feedback, which is similar to police militarization.[1]

            Julian Go, in his research revealed that the 20th century saw a paradigm shift in the police departments. Whereby they improved their infrastructural capacity by implementing various organizational, tactical, and operational innovations. The author used a cross-city breakdown of both quantitative and qualitative data, comprising of a negative analysis of binomial regression of militarization determinants.[2] The paper reveals that the said innovations had elements of early militarization emanating from imperial feedback. The police copied organizational templates, tactics, and techniques from the imperial-military system in America that was used to conquer foreign populations. The imperial importers were responsible for the imperial feedback, since many were veterans of the imperial-military, who established analogies between racialized minorities, and the colonial subjects living abroad.[3]

            The author Julian Go is a well-read Sociology Professor at Boston University. Julian holds a Sociology Ph.D. from Chicago University, and was a Scholar at Harvard for Area and International Studies.[4] Julian Go was the former Chair of the Sociological Association and is the upcoming ASA’s Chair. The author holds Professorships and visiting fellowships at London Economics School, Barcelona’s Pompeu University, Lucerne University, and in Philippines at TWS Center.[5]

            The research gathers quantitative and qualitative evidence and uses it to record three claims. The first assumption is that, the 20^th Century marked the earliest cases were police were militarized. Significant policing modifications instituted by reformers were copied from the military, leading to a transformation of local civilian bodies making them militaristic. The second, assumption according to the author for the changes was that the reformers drew from the country’s imperial regime and not any other militaristic era. Many innovations possessed colonial military origins, hence constituting imperial feedback. The third assumption noted is that militarization transpired because of the military veteran’s colonial importers and used overseas methods to handle perceived dangers by turning them into social order from the populations of racialized minorities.[6]

            The civilian policing body became militarized in the reform era due to imperialism feedback from abroad and local racial anatomization. Julian’s analysis is transferable to different militarization moments, aiding us explain why, when, and how police militarization might occur. The author applied the imperial feedback theory with quantitative and qualitative data to partake a cross-case analysis. The application of qualitative methods in the cross-case analysis was critical in the accuracy of the findings. A regression analysis was used in the quantitative section and data from 204 cities was used.[7]

            The research questions that guided the study were when were the ostensibly civilian police militarized. The second question is where did the militarized operations and methods used by police emanate from. Finally, the last question explored in the study was how were the militarized methods introduced in the policing system. These question are answered throughout the research and connects the cause and effect of the transformation witnessed in the policing institution.

            Although traditional policing studies in America emphasize on the significance of conflict in the economic class in determining policing advances, the study focuses on race relations and imperialism overseas. However, it does not replace the class conflict variable with race and imperialism but highlights how they can operate intertwined with those explored in existing studies. The research fills the gap of more conceptual work and historical analyses on police militarization.

            Since studies highlight that imperial methods oppressed racialized minorities, they take such racialized application as a contingent sprout of importation and not a dimension of the importation. The study suggests something dissimilar, which is the racialized colonial methods used by police motivated importation. The colonial importers got novel methods from the imperial-military according to racialized homologies. The militarized techniques of policing copied from imperial sites were modular. When the police departments implemented them, they were used on the domestic populations. However, the paper’s findings suggest that innovators importation was influenced by racialized logics such as field homologies.

            The article “The Basic Symbols of the American Political Tradition” by Kendall and Carey, discusses the equality scholarship in the political sphere.[8] It compliments Julian’s article by relating democracy, equality, and police militarization. Since the public finds the militarized police extreme in nature, the article shows roots of government’s decisions in imperial regimes. Kendall and Carey suggest that the Radical and Liberal demands that would transform the constitutional into a totalitarian government tend to be equality imperatives.[9] The power derived from it by the Liberals or Radicals, comes from a misapplication and misinterpretation of the American Declaration of Independence document. The authors posit that the document is not central to our founding, or a true origin of the founding symbols. Nothing in the past during the Revolutionary era vindicated making equality the goal or end to be safeguarded by the regime. Abraham Lincoln’s concepts of equality became the end by a retrospective understanding.

            Currently, most police globally are militarized including the national gendarmerie who are designed for militarization.[10] However, civil policing is a substitute to the military arms and facilitates the policing ideal in a democracy, which separates the military from the police. Militarization of the police means that the civilian police assimilates army’s characteristics and are putatively opposed.[11] The imperial feedback theory points to a different path of modern police militarization.

            Interpretation of the findings proposes that the imperial feedback applied was not vital for the police militarization since reformers took first from the military. Understanding police militarization requires specificity such as the historical American empire. Since the American military was meant to suppress resistance and manage weaker nations during military occupations, it was a colonial military body. The strategies and specific operations focused on counterinsurgency guarding colonies, and not warfare. The need of centralizing and professionalizing it became evident because of imperial needs.

            The significance of empire when hypothesizing police militarization is that it aids in accounting for the militarization timing. In case it was irrelevant then all the police would have militarized. However, the article shows evidence that police militarized due to historical conditions via the colonial experience. Therefore, racial dynamics and empire explain police militarization in the 20th century, and temporal variation found in militaristic methods.[12] Since some departments already militarized earlier, the qualitative analysis and quantitative approach show that it is difficult to explain such variation without acknowledging the imperial importers.

            Empire appears irrelevant in explaining police innovations because the police departments would have embraced militarized methods without imperialism. For example, after the reforms were implemented by some cities, they were made available for all departments. Using such an interpretation views the reform movement as a modernization outcome. Therefore, cities had to prepare to curb crime as industrialization ensued to meet the needs. Militarization in the article is perceived as an outcome of the cities’ needs.

            In conclusion, the paper suggests that the militarization process is neither inevitable nor desirable. Responding to the police departments that send their officers abroad for military training Durham city passed a law forbidding such exchanges and trainings. Additionally, the rise of novel community policing forms using specialized officers in communities shows that there are alternatives apart from the militarization of the police. The citizen’s relationship with the police is negatively affected because while dealing with law and order they use military-like force.[13] However, community policing targeted in minority neighborhoods and communities to thwart drug trade and gang wars still represents imperial feedback. Democracy and equality from Kendall and Carey supports that the decisions made by the government should not be used to infringe the populace but to support them. Therefore, militarization of the police is not the solution because there exist alternatives that suit the citizens.

Bibliography

Bieler, Sam. “Police militarization in the USA: the state of the field.” Policing: an international       journal of police strategies & management (2016).

Go, Julian. “The imperial origins of American policing: Militarization and imperial feedback in   the early 20th century.” American journal of sociology 125, no. 5 (2020): 1193-1254.

Jaffa, Harry V. “Kendall & Carey: The Basic Symbols of the American Political Tradition.” Loyola    of Los Angeles Law Review 8, no. 2 (1975): 471.

Kraska, Peter B. “Militarization and policing—Its relevance to 21st century police.” Policing: a    journal of policy and practice 1, no. 4 (2007): 501-513.

McMichael, Christopher. “Pacification and police: A critique of the police militarization thesis.” Capital & Class 41, no. 1 (2017): 115-132.

Mummolo, Jonathan. “Militarization fails to enhance police safety or reduce crime but may harm    police reputation.” Proceedings of the national academy of sciences 115, no. 37 (2018):     9181-9186.

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