There are many ways in which the government can affect the business transactions
Assignment 3: Leadership and Ethics
Due Week 9 and worth 240 points
In this assignment, you will explore how ethical behaviors can impact the issue you selected in Assignment 1.
Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:
Propose two (2) ethical concerns that management may need to address related to the issue you selected in Assignment 1. Provide a rationale for your response.
Analyze the overall manner in which organizational structure impacts organizational ethics. Select one (1) public agency or one (1) non-profit organization in which the ethical concerns related to the issue you selected may not be considered unethical. Provide a rationale for your response.
Use the Inventory of Public Management Skills Management, located on pages 11 to 12 of the textbook, to construct a self-evaluation. Assess your level of development in each of the skills. Discuss two to three (2-3) activities that would affect your ability as a leader to address the ethical concerns discussed in Question 1.
Based on the response in Question 3, discuss two to three (2-3) strategies you will implement to become an effective public administrator.
Include at least four (4) peer-reviewed references (no more than five [5] years old) from material outside the textbook. Note: Appropriate peer-reviewed references include scholarly articles and governmental Websites Wikipedia, other wikis, and any other Websites ending in anything other than “.gov” do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Rearrange public administration, both the traditional and the new approaches, from structural, functional, and process perspectives, as well as the key goals of the public and private sector.
Predict the changing nature and responsibilities for managing public and nonprofit organizations.
Critique ethics in public service and its influence on the study of public administration as it relates to political choice.
Compose the concepts of public leadership and management essential to the study of public administration.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in public administration.
Write clearly and concisely about public administration using proper writing mechanics.
Assignment 1: Public Administration ‒ The Good, The Bad, The Ugly
Policy Issue
The policy issue that my paper focuses on is addressing states decisions to expand their Medicaid programs. Currently, there are discussions being held both at the federal and state levels that are centered around whether or not states should elect to expand their Medicaid programs. In addition to these discussions, there are discussions being held regarding whether or not states should implement Medicaid program work requirements for their enrollees to uphold. Some policymakers argue that Medicaid expansion will incur additional costs for states that will impact their ability to maintain a balanced budget or address other issues specific to their state. On the other hand, there are policymakers that believe that through expanding their Medicaid programs the state will be able to reach more residents and reduce health disparities, hospital readmissions, and eventually other health related expenditures (Ndumele, 2017). Lastly, there are policymakers that are pondering around the idea to expand the Medicaid program; however, they also believe that enrollees should be mandated to complete work or education requirements in order to receive Medicaid coverage (Goldman, 2018). Due to the complexity of Medicaid policy and the delay in state decisions to expand their Medicaid programs, residents should expect to fall subject to increasing health disparities and expenses.
Public Policy
The public policy that my paper addresses is Redistributive Policy. Redistributive policy is where groups of less advantaged individuals benefit through the transferring of resources, generally money, from groups of advantaged individuals. Health programs such as Medicaid and Medicare fall under the classification of redistributive policy; my choice of policy issue (states decisions to expand their Medicaid programs and state proposed program work requirements) falls under the classification of redistributive policy. For example, taxes paid by advantaged groups of individuals are used to fund and support federal, state and local health programs to help less advantaged groups of individuals receive health insurance coverage or health related services, Another example that pertains to my policy issue would be taxes paid by advantaged groups of individuals being redistributed within the state of South Carolina to fund the Healthy Choices Medicaid program. Both examples show the flow of monies from one population to another population with the intent to state health insurance coverage gaps.
Policy Modification
There are various approaches that states can take to address Medicaid expansion and state health insurance coverage. If states elected to simply expand their Medicaid programs, then a positive impact of this decision could be more state residents (increased enrollment) being covered under the expansion which would ultimately decrease the health disparities that the state would have to otherwise invest in eliminating in the future (Mojtabai, 2018). Another positive impact of this policy modification would be a reduction in hospital admissions and readmissions seen within state hospital systems and managed care organizations (Caswell, 2019). An additional positive impact of Medicaid expansion is reduced poverty levels, with more individuals being covered, there is the possibility that individuals will be less likely to be out of work (or school) due to health related issues, under the expansion, certain issues (acute health needs) can be addressed efficiently and the individuals can continue to maintain employment. In addition to those positive impacts mentioned above there is higher educational attainment and economic mobility, both of which have the possibility to empower the enrollees of the Medicaid program(s).
Aside from positive impacts of Medicaid expansion there are also negative impacts of policy modifications associated with state decisions to expand their Medicaid programs. One example of a negative impact would be if states elect to not expand their Medicaid, some residents are at risk of being kicked off of the Medicaid plan because of changing income requirements and stricter budgeting Another negative impact associated with states not expanding their Medicaid programs would be the widening of the insurance coverage gaps within each respective state. An additional negative impact of states failing to expand their Medicaid program(s) includes the increased risk of hospitals closing, over the past few years hospital systems have had to close due to their inability to maintain Medicaid (and Medicare) expenditures causing them to have to close their doors; an influx of hospitals closures have been seen in many southern states, especially Texas and Tennessee. In addition to those negative impacts mentioned above there is decreased health care access and decreased health outcomes; these impacts are an indirect cause of increased hospital closures as well.
The Constitution
There are many ways in which the government can affect the business transactions pertaining to Medicaid expansion. One suggestion for states that have not already expanded Medicaid would be for their governor to sign an executive order to begin the implementation of expansion. This decision would allow for the implementation of the Medicaid expansion to be expedited while the governor and state legislators work together to promote and enact change related to the new expansion policy. Another suggestion would be for the federal government to intervene and require for all states to provide their residents with health insurance.
This is similar to the decision that was made on the federal level under the Affordable Care Act through the ruling in the United States Supreme Court case: National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius. Lastly, a third suggestion would be the states to allow the residents the right to exercise their right to vote on whether or not the state should expand Medicaid. In the past, there have been very few states who have had their voters elect to expand Medicaid.
References
Bazzoli, G. J., Lee, W., Hsieh, H. M., & Mobley, L. R. (2012). The effects of safety net hospital closures and conversions on patient travel distance to hospital services. Health services research, 47(1 Pt 1), 129–150. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2011.01318.x
Caswell, K. J., & Waidmann, T. A. (2019). The Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions and Personal Finance. Medical care research and review : MCRR, 76(5), 538–571. doi:10.1177/1077558717725164
Goldman, A. L., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., Bor, D. H., & McCormick, D. (2018). Analysis of Work Requirement Exemptions and Medicaid Spending. JAMA internal medicine, 178(11), 1549–1552. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4194
Mojtabai, R., Feder, K. A., Kealhofer, M., Krawczyk, N., Storr, C., Tormohlen, K. N., … Crum, R. M. (2018). State variations in Medicaid enrollment and utilization of substance use services: Results from a National Longitudinal Study. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 89, 75–86. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2018.04.002
Ndumele, C. D., Schpero, W. L., & Trivedi, A. N. (2018). Medicaid Expansion and Health Plan Quality in Medicaid Managed Care. Health services research, 53 Suppl 1(Suppl Suppl 1), 2821–2838. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12814
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