Discussion: Anatomy and Dissections
Discussion: Anatomy and Dissections
Discussion: Anatomy and Dissections
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A. Dissections
1. Earthworm
A. Identify items 1 & 2 on the external dorsal (back side) surface of the worm.
B. Identify items 3, 4, & 5 on the external ventral (belly side) of surface of the worm.
C. Identify item 2 in the image of the worm’s internal morphology w/o the digestive tract.
D. Describe sexual reproduction in worms.
2. Fetal Pig
A. Use the Anatomical References guide. To what region of the body does dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior refer to?
B. Investigate the Nervous system. The pig is similar to the human in many ways.
Name four large regions (lobes) of the brain and indicate where they are located and what functions they have in humans.
B. Comparative Hominid Anatomy
• Compare the the skull casts of a chimp, Australopithicus, Homo erectus, neanderthal, and modern Homo sapiens. Be sure to use the lateral view.
• Describe features that are common and different between the cranial structure of these creatures. What patterns do you see? • Describe the basic timeline and sequence of evolution for the creatures listed above. Be explicit.
Virtual Lab 8: Human Impact
A. Water footprints
• Describe the water crisis. How is it impacting women and children globally? What is happening with the Ogalala (be specific)?
Water crisis refers to lack of access to safe water sources. Inadequate drinking water supply is among the world’s major causes of preventable morbidity and mortality.
Water related health burdens are borne by women and children who may forego schooling and childhood in order to transport water from distant sources. Women and children are also often responsible for the gathering of fuel wood both for cooking and for boiling the polluted water.
The High Plains stretch northward from West Texas to Wyoming and South Dakota, and in natural conditions form a dry grassland. There is less than 16 inches of rain a year near the Rockies and in West Texas, but that increases eastward to 28 inches in central Kansas. The rainfall varies a great deal from year to year, however. The steady gradient of increasing rain to the eastward, but varying yearly rainfall, means that the optimal western limit for growing crops such as corn, rather than grazing cattle, shifts each year. This problem is made worse because there is hardly any water surplus: evaporation levels are very close to precipitation levels. Apart from the constraints on farming, this fact means that there is little recharge of ground water from precipitation: ground water percolates only very slowly eastward in underground aquifers from the areas where Rocky Mountain snowmelt recharges them.
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) began intensive research on the Ogallala in 1978. It found that the Ogallala had discharged perhaps 3 maf/yr into springs and rivers before development: this, then, would be a sustainable yield from the aquifer as it used to be, compared with the 1980 pumping rate of 18 maf/yr.
• Describe what the water footprint is and how it is estimated.
The water footprint of an individual, community or business is defined as the total volume of freshwater used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business. Water use is measured in water volume consumed (evaporated) and/or polluted per unit of time.
A water footprint can be calculated for any well-defined group of consumers (e.g., an individual, family, village, city, province, state or nation) or producers (e.g., a public organization, private enterprise or economic sector). The water footprint is a geographically explicit indicator, not only showing volumes of water use and pollution, but also the locations. However, the water footprint does not provide information on how the embedded water negatively or positively affects local water resources, ecosystems and livelihoods.
• Report the two or more estimates of your water footprint (and the calculator(s) that you used).
http://www.gracelinks.org/1408/water-footprint-calculator
• Describe three ways that you (or your society) could reduce your water footprint.
We can use public transport, or pooled vehicles for going to office , we can decrease the use of gasoline
We should not waste potable water. We can store rain water and use for watering our plants.
B. Carbon footprints
• Describe what has happened to atmospheric CO2 over the last 100,000 years and how this is thought to be impacting the climate.
Over the last 100,000 CO2 content has been increasing due to excessive use of fuel, human population, large scale deforestation
In the distant past (prior to about 10,000 years ago), CO2 levels tended to track the glacial cycles. During warm ‘interglacial’ periods, CO2 levels have been higher. During cool ‘glacial’ periods, CO2 levels have been lower. This is because the heating or cooling of Earth’s surface can cause changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.
• Describe what the carbon footprint is and how it is estimated.
Carbon footprint is a shorthand to describe the best estimate that we can get of the full climate change impact of something. That something could be anything – an activity, an item, a lifestyle, a company, a country or even the whole world.
An individual’s, nation’s, or organisation’s carbon footprint can be measured by undertaking a GHG emissions assessment or other calculative activities denoted as carbon accounting .
• Report two or more estimates of your carbon footprint (and the calculator(s) that you used).
http://www.carbonfootprintofnations.com/content/calculator_of_carbon_footprint_for_nations/
• Describe two ways that you (or your society) could reduce your carbon footprint.
One of the most popular ways utilizes trees in a process called Carbon Sequestration. Trees naturally absorb CO2 and release oxygen back into the environment. You only need to know how many trees it takes to offset your Carbon Footprint. Every tree is different and absorb these emissions at different rates depending on type and age.
The most common way to reduce the carbon footprint of humans is to Reduce, Reuse, Recycle . In manufacturing this can be done by recycling the packing materials, by selling the obsolete inventory of one industry to the industry who is looking to buy unused items at lesser price to become competetive. Nothing should be disposed off into the soil, all the ferrous materials which are prone to degrade or oxidise with time should be sold as early as possible at reduced price.
• Describe two ways that you would advocate we adapt society-wide in order to reduce our national carbon footprint. Be explcit.
The national carbon footprints can be reduced by reducing our energy consumption. We should use less of Air conditioning and warming systems.
We should use less fuel and try to save water consumption. We should go in for public transport system and use cycles for transportation to nearby areas.
We should recycle material like newspaper use recycled paper. We should recycle rain water and use it for gardens.
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